1.
n. 36 (2024): La representación de los musulmanes como amenaza: una perspectiva europea
Miscelánea

Derecha radical populista e islamofobia en Europa: el caso de Vox en España

Sonsoles Dieste-Muñoz
Universidad de Burgos
Biografia
Eduardo Tena Sanz
Universidad de Burgos
Biografia
Foto portada: Elisa Lozano Triviño, "Descalza sobre azulejos mudéjares". Septiembre de 2023.
Publicado junho 24, 2024

Palavras-chave:

Derecha radical populista, Islamofobia, Musulmanes, Europa, Vox, Análisis del discurso
Como Citar
Dieste-Muñoz, S., & Tena Sanz, E. . (2024). Derecha radical populista e islamofobia en Europa: el caso de Vox en España. Revista De Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, (36), 133–165. https://doi.org/10.15366/reim2024.36.006

Resumo

En este trabajo se analiza el discurso de la formación política Vox y se trata de determinar si este puede ser calificado de islamófobo. Para ello se han analizado los principales mítines de campaña de Vox en las elecciones generales de diciembre de 2019 y en las elecciones autonómicas catalanas de febrero de 2021. Se han identificado las alusiones relativas a la inmigración y al islam en el discurso de Vox, y posteriormente estas referencias han sido clasificadas en tres dimensiones: amenazas económicas, amenazas securitarias y amenazas culturales. Las conclusiones del estudio han permitido constatar la existencia del contenido islamófobo en el discurso de Vox.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

ABBAS, Tahir (2019): Islamophobia and Radicalisation, Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190083410.001.0001

AFFAYA, Noureddine y GUERRAOUI, Driss (2005): La imagen de España en Marruecos, Bellaterra.

ALLEN, Chris (2005): Islamophobia?: contested concept in the public space (dissertation). University of Birmingham.

ALLEN, Chris (2010): “An Overview of Key Islamophobia Research”, National Association of Muslim Police.

ALLEN, Trevor J. (2015): “All in the party family? Comparing far right voters in Western and Post-Communist Europe”, Party Politics, nº 23 (3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068815593457

ALONSO, Sonia y ROVIRA, Cristóbal (2015): “Spain: No Country for the Populist Radical Right?”, South European Society and Politics, nº 20 (1), pp.21-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.985448

ARANGO, Joaquín (2013): “Exceptional in Europe? Spain’s Experience with Immigration and Integration”, Migration Policy Institute, Washington D.C.

AWAN, Imran y ZEMPI, Irene (2020): “A Working Definition of Islamophobia”, Briefing Paper prepared For the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Human Rights Council.

AZIZ, Sahar F. (2022): “The Racial Muslim. When Racism Quashes Religious Freedom”, ReOrient, nº 7 (2), pp. 225-228. https://doi.org/10.13169/reorient.7.2.0225

BALIBAR, Étienne (1991): “¿Existe un neorracismo?” en BALIBAR, Étienne y WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel: Raza, nación y clase, Madrid, Iepala.

BALLESTER RODRÍGUEZ, Mateo (2021): “Vox y el uso de la historia: el relato del pasado remoto de España como instrumento político”, Política y Sociedad, vol. 58, nº 2. https://doi.org/10.5209/poso.69692

BAKALI, Naved y HAFEZ, Farid (2022): The rise of global Islamophobia in the War on Terror, Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526161765

BARKER, Martin (1981): New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe, London, Junction Books.

BATALLA, Pablo (2021): Los nuevos odres del nacionalismo español, Trea

BETZ, Hans-Georg (1993): “The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe”, Comparative Politics, nº 25 (4), pp. 413-427. https://doi.org/10.2307/422034

BETZ, Hans-Georg (2018): “The Radical Right and Populism” en RYDGREN, Jens (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.5

BETZ, Hans-Georg (2019): “Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration”, Patterns of Prejudice, nº 53 (2), pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1572276

BHATTI, Tabetha (2021): Defining Islamophobia: A Contemporary Understanding of How Expressions of Muslimness are Targetted, London, Muslim Council of Britain.

BOUREKBA, Moussa (2020): “La extrema derecha violenta y el yihadismo comparten una misma cosmovisión”. Disponible en web: https://www.lamarea.com/2020/07/03/extrema-derecha-violenta-y-yihadismo-comparten-cosmovision/ [Consulta: 31 de enero de 2023]

BRAVO LÓPEZ, Fernando (2009): Islamofobia y antisemitismo: La construcción discursiva de las amenazas islamica y judía, Tesis, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.

BRAVO LÓPEZ, Fernando (2012): En casa ajena. Bases intelectuales del antisemitismo y la islamofobia, Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra.

CASALS, Xavier (1999): “La ultraderecha española. Una presencia ausente (1975-1999)”, Historia y Política: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales, nº 3, pp. 147-174.

CASALS, Xavier (2003): Ultrapatriotas. Extrema derecha y nacionalismo de la guerra fría a la era de la globalización, Barcelona, Crítica.

CASALS, Xavier (2009): “La Plataforma per Catalunya: la eclosión de un nacional-populismo catalán (2003-2009)”, Working Paper, nº 274, Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials.

CASTRO MARTÍNEZ, Paloma y MO GROBA, Diego (2020): “El issue de la inmigración en los votantes de VOX en las Elecciones Generales de noviembre de 2019”, Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas, nº 19 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/rips.19.1.6947

CEA D’ANCONA, María Ángeles y VALLES MARTÍNEZ, Miguel S. (2014): “Evolución del racismo, la xenofobia y otras formas conexas de intolerancia en España”, Informe-Encuesta 2014 para el Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social.

CERVI, Laura (2020): “Exclusionary Populism and Islamophobia: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Spain”, Religions, nº 10 (11), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11100516

CRESWELL, John W. y PLANO CLARK, Vicky L. (2007): Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Thousand Oaks, Sage.

CRESWELL, John W. (2009): Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage.

DAWES, Simon (2021): “Islamophobia, racialisation and the ‘Muslim problem’ in France”, French Cultural Studies, nº 32 (3), pp. 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/09571558211028202

DIESTE MUÑOZ, Sonsoles y TENA SANZ, Eduardo (2022): “Derecha radical populista e islamofobia en Europa. La instrumentalización del liberalismo político”, en DIESTE MUÑOZ, Sonsoles y TENA SANZ, Eduardo (eds.): La derecha radical europea en la actualidad. Discurso de odio e islamofobia, Valencia, Tirant Lo Blanch.

EJIOFOR, Promise Frank (2023): “Decolonising Islamophobia”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, nº 46 (13), pp. 2863-2892. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2181670

ELAHI, Farah y KHAN, Omar (2017): Islamophobia: Still a challenge for us all, Runnymede Trust

FARRIS, Sara R. (2012): “Femonationalism and the “Regular” Army of Labor Called Migrant Women”, History of the Present, 2(2), pp. 184-199. https://doi.org/10.5406/historypresent.2.2.0184

FARRIS, Sara R. (2017): In the Name of Women’s Rights: The Rise of Femonationalism, Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372929

FELDMAN, Matthew y STOCKER, Paul (2019): “Far-right Islamophobia. From ideology to “mainstreamed” hate crimes”, en ZEMPI, Irene y AWAN, Imran (eds.): The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia, London, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559-29

FENNEMA, Meindert (1997): “Some Conceptual Issues and Problems in the Comparison of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe”, Party Politics, nº 3 (4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068897003004002

FERREIRA, Carles (2019): “Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología”, Revista Española de Ciencia Política, nº 51, pp. 73-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21308/recp.51.03

GANESH, Bharath et al. (2024): “Flows and modalities of global Islamophobia”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, nº 47 (5), pp. 895-906. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2268192

GARCÍA SANJUAN, Alejandro (2016): La conquista islámica de la península ibérica y la tergiversación del pasado. Del catastrofismo al negacionismo. Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia

GARNER, Steve y SELOD, Saher (2015): “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia”, Critical Sociology, nº 41 (1), pp. 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920514531606

GEISSER, Vincent (2003): La nouvelle islamophobie, Paris, La Découverte.

GIBSON, Rachel, MCALLISTER, Ian y SWENSON, Tami (2002): “The politics of race and immigration in Australia: One Nation voting in the 1998 Election”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, nº 25 (5), pp. 823-844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0141987022000000286

GLICK SCHILLER, Nina (2005): “Racialized nations, evangelizing Christianity, police states, and imperial power: Missing in action in Bunzl’s new Europe”, American Ethnologist, nº4, pp. 526-532. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2005.32.4.526

GOULD, Robert (2017): “Islam Returns to Spain: Religious Diversity, Political Discourse and Women’s Rights” en ANDRE, Virginie y PRATT, Douglas: Religious Citizenships and Islamophobia, London, Routledge.

GOULD, Robert (2019): “Vox España and Alternative für Deutschland: Propagating the Crisis of National Identity”, Genealogy, nº 3 (64), pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3040064

GREEN, Julie et al. (2007): “Generating best evidence from qualitative research: the role of data analysis”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, nº 31 (6), pp. 545-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00141.x

GREEN, Todd H. (2015): The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West, 1517 Media. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt12878h3

GRILLO, Ralph (1998): Pluralism and the politics of difference: state, culture and ethnicity in comparative perspective, Oxford, Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294263.001.0001

GUERRERO ENTERRÍA, Arturo (2009): “Islamofobia como recurso político: El caso Pro-Köln (Pro-NRW)”, Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, nº 6, pp. 107-112. https://doi.org/10.15366/reim2008.6.005

HAFEZ, Kai (2014): Islam in Liberal Europe: Freedom, Equality, and Intolerance, Rowman & Littlefield. https://doi.org/10.5771/9781442229525

HAFEZ, Kai (2014): “Shifting borders: Islamophobia as common ground for building pan-European right-wing unity”, Patterns of Prejudice, nº 48 (5), pp. 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2014.965877

HALLIDAY, Fred (1999): “'Islamophobia' reconsidered”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, nº 22 (5), pp. 892-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329305

HERNÁNDEZ-CARR, Aitor (2012): La irrupción de la nueva extrema derecha en España: un análisis de la trayectoria, estrategia política y base electoral de Plataforma per Catalunya, Tesis doctoral, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

INTROVIGNE, Massimo (2021): “Ivan Agueli, a painter against Islamophobia”, Fundación de Cultura Islámica.

JANSEN, Yolande y MEER, Nasar (2020): “Genealogies of ‘Jews’ and ‘Muslims’: social imaginaries in the race-religion nexus”, Patterns of Prejudice, nº 54 (1-2), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1696046

JONES, Veronica (2017): “The racialization of Arab panethnic identity: exploring students’ ingroup and outgroup social positionings”, Race Ethnicity and Education, nº 20 (6), pp. 811-828. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1294563

KALLIS, Aristotle (2018): “The radical right and Islamophobia”, en RYDGREN, Jens (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, Oxford, Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.3

KALLIS, Aristotle (2019): “Islamophobia and the radical right: nostalgia or anti-utopia?” en ZEMPI, Irene y AWAN, Imran: The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia, Abingdon, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559-30

KAYA, Ayhan y TECMEN, Ayse (2019): “Europe versus Islam?: Right-Wing Populist Discourse and the Construction of a Civilizational Identity”, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, nº 17 (1), pp. 49-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1570759

KOZARIC, Edin (2024): “Are Muslim experiences taken seriously in theories of Islamophobia? A literature review of Muslim experiences with social exclusion in the West”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, nº 47 (5), pp. 907-940 https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2268179

KRZYZANOWSKI, Michal (2013): “From Anti-Immigration and Nationalist Revisionism to Islamophobia: Continuities and Shifts in Recent Discourses and Patterns of Political Communication of the Freedom” en WODAK, Ruth, KHOSRAVINIK, Majid y MRAL, Brigitte: Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse, London, Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472544940.ch-009

KUMAR, Deepa (2021): Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, Verso.

LEAN, Nathan C. (2019): "The debate over the utility and precision of the term “Islamophobia”", en ZEMPI, Irene y AWAN, Imran (eds.): The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia, London and New York, Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559-2

LEMS, Johanna M. (2021): “Staying silent or speaking up: reactions to racialization affecting Muslims in Madrid”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, nº 44 (7), pp. 1192-1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1779949

LEMS, Johanna M. (2023): “Islamofobia en España: actores y consecuencias”, en DIESTE MUÑOZ, Sonsoles y TENA SANZ, Eduardo (eds.): La derecha radical europea en la actualidad. Discurso de odio e islamofobia, Valencia, Tirant Lo Blanch.

LOPEZ BARGADOS, Alberto (2016): “La amenaza yihadista en España: viejos y nuevos orientalismos”, Revista de estudios internacionales mediterráneos, nº 21, pp. 73-80. https://doi.org/10.15366/reim2016.21.006

MASSOUMI, Narzanin et al. (2017): What is Islamophobia? Racism, Social Movements and the State, London, Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1rfsndp

MATEO DIESTE, Josep Lluís (2017): “Moros vienen” Historia y política de un estereotipo. Instituto de las Culturas

MEER, Nasar y MODOOD, Tariq (2019): “Islamophobia as the racialisation of Muslims” en ZEMPI, Irene y AWAN, Imran (eds.): The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia, London and New York, Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559-3

MENDES, Mariana S. y DENNISON, James (2020): “Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal: salience, stigma and supply”, West European Politics, nº 44 (4), pp. 752-775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2020.1777504

MODOOD, Tariq (1997): “Difference, Cultural Racism and Anti-racism” en WERBNER, Pnina y MODOOD, Tariq: Debating Cultural Identity, London, Zed Books

MODOOD, Tariq y WERBNER, Pnina (1997): The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe. Racism, Identity and Community, Zed Books.

MODOOD, Tariq et al. (2006): Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship. A European Approach, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001820

MODOOD, Tariq y SEALY, Thomas (2022): “Beyond Euro-Americancentric Forms of Racism and Anti-racism”, The Political Quarterly, nº 93 (3), pp. 433-441. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.13138

MODOOD, Tariq (2023): “Decolonising islamophobia: some misunderstandings”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, nº 46 (13), pp. 2893-2896. DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2023.2213304

MUDDE, Cas (2004): “The Populist Zeitgeist”, Government and Opposition, 39 (4), pp. 541-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x

MUDDE, Cas (2007): Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492037

MUDDE, Cas (2017): The Populist Radical Right. A Reader, London, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315514574

MUDDE, Cas (2021): La ultraderecha hoy, Barcelona, Paidós.

MÜLLER-URI, Fanny (2014): Antimuslimischer Rassismus, INTRO.

NORRIS, Pippa (2005): Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market, Cambridge, Cambridge Universtiy Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615955

PARK, Jaihyun, FELIX, Karla y LEE, Grace (2007): “Implicit attitudes towards arab-muslims and the moderating effects of social information”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, nº 29 (1), pp. 35-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973530701330942

OLMOS-ALCARAZ, Antonia (2023): “Islamophobia and Twitter: The Political Discourse of the Extreme Right in Spain and Its Impact on the Public”, Religions, nº 14 (4): 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14040506

OLSEN, Mette Christine Risom (2018): Playing the Gender Card: Femonationalism in Norwegian Immigration and Integration Discourse, Budapest, Central European University.

OPRATKO, Benjamin (2019): “Devils from our past: liberal Islamophobia in Austria as historicist racism”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42 (16), pp. 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1635258

RAHBARI, Ladan (2020): “When gender turns right: racializing Islam and femonationalism in online political discourses in Belgium”, Contemporary Politics, nº 27 (1), pp. 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1813950

RODRÍGUEZ-CALLES, Luis y ESTRADA-VILLASEÑOR, Cecilia (2022): “La exclusión residencial de la población inmigrante: estudio de caso de Terrassa (Barcelona) y Torre-Pacheco (Murcia)”, Ciudad y Territorio, vol. 54, nº 213, pp. 621-640. https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2022.213.6

RODRÍGUEZ JIMÉNEZ, José Luis (1992): La extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982), Tesis, Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

RODRÍGUEZ RECHE, Cristina y RODRÍGUEZ GARCÍA, Dani (2020): “El estigma de la musulmaneidad: visibilidad percibida y racismo en hijas de parejas mixtas con padre/madre de origen magrebí en Barcelona y Granada”, Perifèria: revista de recerca i formació en antropologia, vol. 25, nº 1, pp. 4-27.

ROSÓN LORENTE, Javier (2012): “Discrepancias en torno al uso del término islamofobia”, en GROSFOGUEL, Ramón y MARTÍN MUÑOZ, Gema (coords.): La islamofobia a debate. La genealogía del miedo al islam y la construcción de los discursos antiislámicos, Madrid, Biblioteca de Casa Árabe.

RUIZ OLABUÉNAGA, José Ignacio (2012): Metodología de la investigación cualitativa, Deusto.

RUNNYMEDE TRUST (1997): Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, London, Runnymede Trust.

SAYAN-CENGIZ, Feyda y TEKIN, Caner (2022): “Gender, Islam and nativism in populist radical-right posters: visualizing ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’”, Patterns of Prejudice, nº 56 (1), pp. 61-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2022.2115029

SCHMUCK, Desirée y MATTHES, Jörg (2019): “Voting “Against Islamization”? How Anti-Islamic Right-Wing, Populist Political Campaign Ads Influence Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Toward Muslims as Well as Voting Preferences”, Political Psychology, nº 40 (4), pp. 739-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12557

SOLOMOS, John (2020): Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Racisms, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351047326

STAKE, Robert E. (1998): Investigación con estudio de casos, Morata.

STOLCKE, Verena (1993): “El "problema" de la inmigración en Europa: El fundamentalismo cultural como nueva retórica de exclusión”, Mientras Tanto, nº 55, pp. 73-90.

TAGUIEFF, Pierre-André (2001): The Force of Prejudice. On Racism and Its Doubles, University of Minnesota Press.

TARAS, Raymond (2012): Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748654871

TURNBULL-DUGARTE, Stuart J., RAMA, José y SANTANA, Andrés (2020): “The Baskerville’s dog suddenly started barking: voting for VOX in the 2019 Spanish general elections”, Political Research Exchange, nº 2, 17811543.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2020.1781543

VELASCO DE CASTRO, Rocío (2014): “La imagen del ‘moro’ en la formulación e instrumentalización del africanismo franquista”, Hispania: Revista Española de Historia, vol. 74, nº 246, pp. 205-236. https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.2014.008

WERBNER, Pnina (2005): “Islamophobia: Incitement to religious hatred – legislating for a new fear?”, Anthropology Today, nº 21 (1), pp. 5-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0268-540X.2005.00323.x

WODAK, Ruth (2009): Discoursive construction of national identity, Edinburgh University Press.

ZEMPI, Irene y AWAN, Imran (2019): The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351135559

ZIA-EBRAHIMI, Reza (2018): “When the Elders of Zion relocated to Eurabia: conspiratorial racialization in antisemitism and Islamophobia”, Patterns of Prejudice, nº 52 (4), pp. 314-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1493876

ZÚQUETE, José Pedro (2008): “The European extreme-right and Islam: New directions?”, Journal of Political Ideologies, nº 13 (3), pp. 321-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569310802377019

3.