Seven critical events regarding Islam and Muslims in Norway - Three points of tension
Palavras-chave:
Critical Events, Muslims, Polarisation, Conviviality, NorwayCopyright (c) 2024 Viggo Jan Vestel, Monika Rosten
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Resumo
The paper explores the development of attitudes and relationships toward Islam and Muslims in the Norwegian public context, as expressed in various central media and research. These processes are captured through analysing seven events decided to be ‘critical’ in the sense of having especial importance for such relationships. The processes evolve back and forth in the tensions between a three poled triangle: right wing extremism, Muslim extremism and what we have termed “extreme universalism”. Very few actors associate to its outer levels, as most social life occurs in between those extremities, where conviviality seems to be an overall direction.
Downloads
Referências
AARSET, Monica Five (2015): Hearts and roofs: Family, belonging, and (un)settledness among descendants of immigrants in Norway, [Doctoral dissertation], Universitetet I Oslo.
AARSET, Monica Five (2018): “Conditional belonging: Middle-class ethnic minorities in Norway”, in BENDIXEN, Synnøve; BRINGSLID, Mary Bente and VIKE, Halvard (eds.): Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and contemporary perspectives, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 291-311. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59791-1_13.
AARSET, Monica Five; SMETTE, Ingrid and ROSTEN, Monika (2021): “Thinking through generation. On children and belonging among adult children of immigrants in Norway”, in FALCH-ERIKSEN, Asgeir; TAKLE, Marianne and SLAGSVOLD, Britt (eds.): Generational tensions and solidarity within advanced welfare states, London, Routledge. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003129592.
AKERHAUG, Lars (2013): Norsk Jihad [Norwegian Jihad], Oslo, Kagge Forlag.
AKERHAUG, Lars (2015): En norsk terrorist. Portrett av den nye ekstremismen [A Norwegian terrorist. Portrait of the new extremism], Oslo, Kagge Forlag.
ALGHASI, Sharam; EIDE, Elisabeth and SIMONSEN, Anne Hege (2020): Hvem er “vi” nå? Medier og minoriteter i Norge [Who are “we” now? Media and minorities in Norway], Oslo, Cappelen Damm Akademisk, pp. 136-164.
ALGHASI, Sharam (2020): “Islam i norske medier. En studie av det norske offentlige ordskiftet om islam i et historisk perspektiv” [Islam in Norwegian media. A study of the Norwegian public debates about Islam in a historic perspective], in ALGHASI, Sharam; EIDE, Elisabeth and SIMONSEN, Anne Hege (eds.): Hvem er “vi” nå? Medier og minoriteter i Norge [Who are “we” now? Media and minorities in Norway], Oslo, Cappelen Damm Akademisk, pp. 136-164.
ANDERSSON, Mette; JACOBSEN, Christine, ROGSTAD, Jon and VESTEL, Viggo (2012): Kritiske hendelser – nye stemmer. Politisk engasjement og transnasjonal orientering i det nye Norge [Critical events – new voices. Political mobilisation and transnational orientations in the new Norway], Oslo, Universitetsforlaget.
BANGSTAD, Sindre (2014): Anders Breivik and the rise of Islamophobia, London, Zed Books.
BANGSTAD, Sindre (2019): “Bat Ye’or and Eurabia”, in SEDGEWICK, Mark (ed.): Key thinkers of the radical right. Behind the new threat to Liberal Democracy, New York, Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877583.003.0011.
BANGSTAD, Sindre; HELLAND, Frode (2019). “The rhetoric of Islamophobia: an analysis of the means of persuasion in Hege Storhaug's writings on Islam and Muslims”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(13), 2229–2247. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1615630
BAUMAN, Zygmunt (2007): Liquid fear, Polity Press, Cambridge.
BENDIXEN, Synnøve; BRINGSLID, Mary Bente and IKE, Halvard (eds.) (2018): Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and contemporary perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59791-1.
BILE, Amina; SROUR, Sofia Nesrine and HERZ, Nancy (2017): Skamløs [Shameless], Oslo, Gyldendal.
BITSCH, Anne (2021): Brorskapet. En historie om drapet på Benjamin Hermansen [The brotherhood. A story of the murder on Benjamin Hermansen], Oslo, Gyldendal.
BITSCH, Anne (2022): Den norske skyld. En beretning fra rettsaken mot Philip Manshaus. [The Norwegian guilt. A story from the trial against Philip Manshaus], Oslo, Res Publica.
BJØRGO, Tore and RAVIK JUPSKÅS, Anders (eds.) (2021): The long-term impact of the July 22 terror attacks in Norway – ten years after. Special issue of perspectives on Terrorism, prepared by guest editors BJØRGO, Tore and RAVIK JUPSKÅS, Anders, Perspectives on terrorism, XV(3), pp. 1-132.
BORCHGREVINCK, Aage Storm (2012): En norsk tragedie [A Norwegian tragedy], Trondheim, Gyldendal.
BRUBAKER, Rogers (2013): “Categories of Analysis and Categories of Practice: A Note on the Study of Muslims in European Countries of Immigration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (1): 1–8. Doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.729674
BØRSTAD SKJERVØ, Gaute; KJÆR, Eirin Kristin and HUITFELDT, Astrid (eds.) (2021): Aldri tie, aldri glemme. En bok fra AUF ti år etter terroren [Never be silent, never forget. A book from AUF ten years after the terror], Oslo, Res Publica.
DAS, Veena (1995): Critical events. An anthropological perspective on contemporary India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press.
EIDE, Elisabeth and ALGHASI, Sharam (2020): “Ekstremisme og polarisering. Betydningen av kontekster”, in ALGHASI, Sharam; EIDE, Elisabeth and SIMONSEN, Anne Hege (eds.): Hvem er “vi” nå? Medier og minoriteter i Norge [Who “we” now? Media and minorities in Norway], Oslo, Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
EIDE, Elisabeth (2020): “Minoritetskvinner i norsk offentlighet» [Minority women in the Norwegian public], in ALGHASI, Sharam; EIDE, Elisabeth and SIMONSEN, Anne Hege (eds.): Hvem er “vi” nå? Medier og minoriteter i Norge [Who “we” now? Media and minorities in Norway], Oslo, Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
ENGEBRIGTSEN, Ada and FUGLERUD, Øyvind (2009): Kultur og generasjon: tilpasningsprosesser blant somaliere og tamiler i Norge [Culture and generation: processes of adaption amon Somalians and Tamils in Norway], Oslo, Universitetsforlaget.
ERIKSEN, Thomas Hylland (2013): Immigration and national identity in Norway, Washington D.C., Migration Policy Institute.
FIGENSCHOU, Tine Ustad; BEYER, Aaudun (2014). The Limits of the Debate: How the Oslo Terror Shook the Norwegian Immigration Debate. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(4), 430-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214542954
FUKUYAMA, Francis (2019): Identity, London, Profile books.
FUKUYAMA, Francis (2020): “Against identity politics”, Published in The Andrea Mitchell Centre for the Study of Democracy. Available at: https://www.sas.upenn.edu/andrea-mitchell-center/francis-fukuyama-against-identity-politics [Access: 19.05.2024].
GILROY, Paul (2004): After empire. Melancholia or convivial culture?, London, Routledge.
GRIFFIN, Roger (2012): Terrorist’s creed, New York, Palgrave MacMillan.
GULLESTAD, Marianne (2006): Plausible Prejudice, Oslo, Universitetsforlaget.
HEMER, Oscar; POVRZANOVIC FRYKMAN, Maja and RISTILAMMI, Per-Markku (eds.) (2019): Conviviality at the crossroads, open access, Palgrave Macmillan. [Access: 19.05.2024].
HOLEN, Øivind (2018): Nye Hip Hop hoder [New Hip Hop Heads], Bergen, Vigmostad and Bjørke.
ISUNGSET, Odd (2010): Hvem skjøt William Nygaard? [Who shot William Nygaard?], Oslo, Tiden forlag.
JACOBSEN, Christine (2011): Islamic traditions and Muslim youth in Norway, Leiden: Brill.
JACOBSEN, Christine M. and ANDERSSON, Mette (2012): “Gaza in Oslo. Social imaginaries in political engagement of Norwegian minority youth”, Ethnicities, n°12(6), pp. 821-843. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812451097.
JACOBSEN, Christine M. and VESTEL, Viggo (2018): “‘Look into my eyes’. Music, Religion and the Politics of Muslim Youth in Norway”, Journal of Muslims in Europe, n°7(1), pp. 47-72. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341344.
KITTERØD, Rangi Hege and NADIM, Marjam (2020): “Embracing gender equality: Gender role attitudes among second-generation immigrants in Norway”, Demographic Research, n°42(14), pp. 411-440. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2020.42.14.
KULTURDEPARTEMENTET (2020): Handlingsplan mot diskriminering av og hat mot muslimer. 2020-2023, Oslo, Kulturdepartementet.
LINGE, Marius and BANGSTAD, Sindre (2020): Salafisme i Norge. Historien om Islam Net og Profetens Ummah [Salafism in Norway. The history of Islam Net and the Prophet’s Ummah], Oslo, Minotenk forlag.
MIDTBØEN, Arnfinn H. (2016): “Discrimination of the second generation: Evidence from a field experiment in Norway”, Journal of International Migration and Integration, n°17(1), pp. 253-272. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0406-9.
MOE, Vibeke (ed.) (2022): Holdninger til jøder og muslimer i Norge 2022 [Attitudes toward Jews and Muslims in Norway 2022], Oslo, Senter for studier av holocaust og livssynsminoriteter.
NESSER, Peter (2015): A history of Islamist terrorism in Europe, London, Hurst & Company.
NOTAKER, Hallvard (2021): Arbeiderpartiet og 22. juli [The labour party and July 22nd], Oslo, Aschehoug.
OFTE ARNTSEN, Erlend (2016): Fremmedkrigerne fra Fredrikstad [The foreign fighters from Fredrikstad], Oslo, Kagge forlag.
PILKINGTON, Hilary and VESTEL, Viggo (2021): Young People’s trajectories through anti-Islam(ist) and extreme right milieus. Cross national synthesis, DARE (Dialogue about Radicalisation and Equality) Report. Available at: https://www.dare-h2020.org/synthesis-report---anti--8203islamist-and-extreme-right-milieus.html [Access: 19.05.2024].
PHOENIX, Aisha (2019): “Negotiating British Muslim belonging: a qualitative longitudinal study”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, n°42(10), pp. 1632-1650. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1532098.
PORTES, Alejandro and RUMBAUT, Rubén G. (2001): Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
RAJA, Abid (2021): Min skyld. En historie om frigjøring [My fault. A story about emancipation], Oslo, Cappelen Damm.
RAVNDAL, Jacob Aasland (2021): Do not let the fear of terror rule. Other dangers threaten democracy. C-Rex – Center for Research on Extremism (uio.no). Available at: https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/news-and-events/right-now/2021/do-not-let-the-fear-of-terror-rule.-other-dangers-.html [Access: 19.05.2024].
RECKWITZ, Andreas (2020): The society of singularities, Cambridge, Polity Press.
REISEL, Liza; HERMANSEN, Are Skeie and KINDT, Marianne Takvam (2019): “Norway: Ethnic (In)equality in a social-democratic welfare state”, in STEVENS, Peter A. J. and DWORKIN, Anthony G. (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 843-884. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-94724-2_20.
RETRIEVER (2017): Innvandring og integrering i norske medier 2017. Retriever. Innvandring og integrering i norske medier 2017 | IMDi. Available at: https://www.imdi.no/arkiv/arkiverte-publikasjoner/innvandring-og-integrering-i-norske-medier-2017/ [Access: 19.05.2024].
ROGSTAD, Jon and VESTEL, Viggo (2011): “The Art of Articulation: Political Engagement and Social Movements in the Making among young adults in Multicultural settings in Norway”, Social Movement Studies, n°10(3), pp. 243-264. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2011.590028.
ROSTEN, Monika Grønli and SMETTE, Ingrid (2021): “Pragmatic, pious and pissed off: young Muslim girls managing conflicting sexual norms and social control”, Journal of Youth Studies, n°26(1), pp. 136-151. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1981841.
SÆTRE, Simon (2013): Fjordmann. Portrett av en anti-islamist [Fjordman. Portrait of an anti-Islamist], Trondheim, Cappelen Damm.
SANDBERG, Sveinung; ANDERSEN, Jan Christoffer, UTVÆR GASSER, Tiffany Linn, LINGE, Marius, ABDULLE MOHAMED, Idil Abdi, SHOKR, Samah Ali and TUTENGES, Sébastien (2018): Unge muslimske stemmer. Om tro og ekstremisme [Young Muslim voices. About faith and extremism], Oslo, Universitetsforlaget.
SEIERSTAD, Åsne (2013): En av oss [One of us], Oslo, Kagge forlag.
SEIERSTAD, Åsne (2016): To søstre [Two sisters], Oslo, Kagge forlag.
SHAKAR, Zeshan (2017): Tante Ulrikkes vei [Auntie Ulrikke’s street], Oslo, Gyldendal Norsk forlag.
SHAKAR, Zeshan (2022): De kaller meg ulven [They call me the wolf], Oslo, Gyldendal.
SHANMUGARATNAM, Yohan (2022): Hjertet i to. Seks måneder med Karpe [The heart in two. Six months with Karpe], Latvia, Bonniers Forlag.
SKILBREI, May-Len (2020): “Criminological Lessons on/from Sexual Violence”, in WALKLATE, Sandra; FITZ-GIBBON, Kate, MAHER, Janemaree and MCCULLOCH, Jude (eds.), The Emerald Handbook of Feminism, Criminology and Social Change, Bingley, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 357-372.
SØKEFELT, Martin (2006): “Mobilizing in transnational space: a social movement approach to the formation of diaspora”, Global Networks, n°6(3), pp. 265-284. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/40536884/Mobilizing_in_transnational_space_a_social_movement_approach_to_the_formation_of_diaspora [Access: 19.05.2024].
STORHAUG, Hege (1998): Hellig tvang. Unge norske muslimer om kjærlighet og ekteskap [Holy compulsion. Young Norwegian Muslims on love and marriage], Oslo, Aschehoug Forlag.
STORHAUG, Hege (2015): Islam. Den 11 landeplage [Islam. The 11th plague], Oslo, Kolofon.
TALLE, Aud (2003): Om kvinneleg omskjering: Debatt og erfaring [On female circumcicion: Debate and experience], Oslo, Det norske samlaget.
THORBJØRNSRUD, Berit (2003): “Weeping for the Muslim Cinderellas. A lament of tears shed though not shared”, Norsk tidsskrift for migrasjonsforskning, n°2, pp. 133-145. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/16571243/Weeping_for_the_Muslim_Cinderellas_A_lament_of_tears_shed_though_not_shared [Access: 19.05.2024].
TJELMELAND, Hallvard and BROCHMAN, Grethe (2003): Norsk Innvandringshistorie pt.3. I globaliseringens tid 1940-2000 [Norwegian immigration history pt.3. In the time of Globalisation], Oslo, Pax.
TRAVERSO, Enzo (2019): The new faces of fascism, London, Verso.
VESTEL, Viggo (2016): I Gråsonen. Ungdom og politisk ekstremisme i det nye Norge [In the grey zone. Youth and political extremism in the new Norway], Oslo, Universitetsforlaget.
VESTEL, Viggo (2018): “Youth extremism and the Liminoid. Radical right-wing and Anti-Islamists vs. Radical Islam in Norway”, in ØVERLAND, Gwynyth; ANDERSEN, Arnfinn J., ENGH FØRDE, Kristin, GRØDUM, Kjetil and SALOMONSEN, Joseph (eds.): Violent Extremism in the 21st Century. International perspectives, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 15-45.
VESTEL, Viggo (2020): Globalisation, identity and nationalism – the case of radical right-wing youth in Norway, Young people’s trajectories through anti-Islam(ist) and extreme right milieus: Norway, DARE (Dialogue about Radicalisation and Equality) Report. Available at: http://www.dare-h2020.org/uploads/1/2/1/7/12176018/d7.1_norway.pdf [Access 19.05.2024].
VESTEL, Viggo and ALI, Qasim (2021): Globalisation, identity and Islam – the case of radical Muslim youths in Norway, Young people’s trajectories through radical Islam(ist) and extreme Muslim milieus: Country level report, DARE (Dialogue about Radicalisation and Equality) Report. Available at: http://www.dare-h2020.org/uploads/1/2/1/7/12176018/d7.1_norway.pdf [Access: 19.05.2024].
WIKAN, Unni (2001): Generous betrayal, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
WIKAN, Unni (2008): In honor of Fadime. Murder and shame, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
WIKTOROWICZ, Quintan (2005): Radical Islam rising. Muslim extremism in the West, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
WILHELMSEN, Pål Nisja (2017): Hvilke medier mener hva? See Blogg.no | Hvilke medier mener hva? (nettavisen.no). Available at: https://www.nettavisen.no/meninger/nisjawil/hvilke-medier-mener-hva/s/12-95-3423470889 [Access: 19.05.2024].
WITSØ RAFOSS, Tore (2020): Å føle fellesskap med fremmede. Rosetogene og følelsenes sosiologi (Fellowship with strangers: the rose marches and the sociology of feelings). Norsk Sosiologisk tidsskrift, 4, pp. 225-240. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2020-04-04.
YUVAL-DAVIS, Nira (2011): The politics of belonging: Intersectional contestations, London, Sage.