Interpretación de los musulmanes en Gran Bretaña: acontecimientos, repercusiones, atmósferas discursivas
Palabras clave:
Acontecimientos críticos, Representación, Reconocimiento, Etnicidad, AtmósferaDerechos de autor 2024 Ajmal Hussain
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Resumen
Los musulmanes han pasado a ocupar un lugar central en los debates sobre ciudadanía y pertenencia en el Reino Unido. Este artículo analiza una serie de acontecimientos críticos que les implican y contribuyen a conformar el terreno discursivo sobre los musulmanes y el Islam, desde el caso Rushdie en 1989 hasta la reciente “guerra contra el terror”, para mostrar cómo dan lugar a ciertos tropos y cómo, a través de los medios de comunicación y de la formulación de políticas, éstos cobran impulso con el tiempo para pronunciarse en una atmósfera discursiva en el seno de la cual es aprehendida la vida musulmana.
Descargas
Citas
ABBAS, Madeline-Sophie (2018): “‘I grew a beard and my dad flipped out!’ Co-option of British Muslim parents in countering ‘extremism’ within their families in Bradford and Leeds”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, n°45, pp. 1458-1476. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1466694.
AHMED, Sara; CASTADA, Claudia, FORTIER, Anne-Marie and SHELLER, Mimi (2003): “Introduction: Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration”, in AHMED, Sara; CASTADA, Claudia, FORTIER, Anne-Marie and SHELLER, Mimi (eds.): Uprootings/Regroundings – Questions of Home and Migration, London, Berg, pp. 1-19.
AHMED, Shamila (2020): The “War on Terror”, State Crime & Radicalization: A Constitutive theory of Radicalization, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.
ALEXANDER, Claire (1998): “Re-imagining the Muslim Community”, Innovations: The European Journal of Social Science, n°11, pp 439-450. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.1998.9968581.
ALEXANDER, Claire (2000): The Asian Gang: ethnicity, identity, masculinity, Oxford, Berg.
ALEXANDER, Claire (2004a): “Writing Race: ethnography and the imagination of The Asian Gang”, in BULMER, Martin and SOLOMOS, John (eds.): Researching Race and Racism, London, Routledge, pp. 134-149.
ALEXANDER, Claire (2004b): “Imagining the Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Masculinity and Youth after “the Riots””, Critical Social Policy, n°24, pp. 526-549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/026101830404667.
ALEXANDER, Claire (2024): Revisiting the Asian Gang: changing Muslim masculinities, Oxford, Berg.
ALLEN, Chris and GURU, Surinder (2012): “Between Political Fad and Political Empowerment: A Critical Evaluation of the National Muslim Women’s Advisory Group (NMWAG) and Governmental Processes of Engaging Muslim Women”, Sociological Research Online, n°17, pp. 32-40. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2672.
ALLY, Muhammad Mashuq (1983): History of Muslims in Britain, 1850-1980, Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Birmingham.
AMELI, Saied R. and MERALI, Arzu (2004): British Muslims’ Expectations of the Government. Dual Citizenship: British, Islamic or Both? Obligation, Recognition, Respect and Belonging, London, Islamic Human Rights Commission.
AMELI, Saied R.; AZAM, Aliya and MERALI, Arzu (2005): Secular or Islamic? What Schools do British Muslims want for their Children? (Vol. 3 of the British Muslims’ Expectations Series, Summary), London, Islamic Human Rights Commission.
AMIN, Ash (2003): “Unruly Strangers? The 2001 Urban Riots in Britain”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, n°27, pp. 460-463. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00459.
ANSARI, Humayun (2003): The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800, London, Hurst & Co.
ARKOUN, Mohammed (2003): “Rethinking Islam Today”, The Annnals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, n°588, pp. 18-39.
ASTON, Jane; HOOKER, Hulya, PAGE, Rosie and WILLISON, Rebecca (2007): Pakistani and Bangladeshi women’s attitudes to work and family, London, Department for Work and Pensions.
BAGGULEY, Paul and HUSSAIN, Yasmin (2008): “The Riots of 2001: An Overview and Comparison of Oldham, Burnley and Bradford”, in BAGGULEY, Paul and HUSSAIN, Yasmin (eds.): Riotous Citizens: Ethnic Conflict in Multicultural Britain, Oxfordshire, Routledge, pp. 39-64.
BECKFORD, James; GALE, Richard, OWEN, David, PEACH, Ceri and WELLER, Paul (2006): “Review of the Evidence Base on Faith Communities”, London, The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
BHIMJI, Fazila (2009): “Identities and agency in religious spheres: a study of British Muslim women’s experience”, Gender, Place and Culture, n°16, pp. 365-380. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690903003850.
BOUBEKEUR, Amel (2007): “Post-Islamist Culture: A New Form of Mobilization?”, History of Religions, n°47, pp. 75-94.
BROWN, Katherine (2008): “The Promise and Perils of Women’s Participation in UK Mosques: The Impact of Securitisation Agendas on Identity, Gender, and Community”, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, n°10, pp. 472-491. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-856x.2008.00324.x.
BRIGGS, Rachel; FIESCHI, Catherine, LOWNSBROUGH, Hannah and PICKARD, Julie (2006): Bringing it Home: Community-based Approaches to Counterterrorism, London, Demos.
CANTE, Fabien; HUSSAIN, Ajmal, MAKORI, Timo, MOHAMED, Surer Qassim, OSBOURNE, Alana, PILO, Francesca, RAMAKRISHNAN, Kavita, SIMONE, AbdouMaliq, SITAS, Rike and SUHAIL, Adeem (2023): “MOVEMENT 5. SENSING THE AFFECTIVE LIVES OF ARRANGEMENTS”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, n°47, pp. 510-521. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13164.
CHAKRABORTI, Neil and ZEMPI, Irene (2015): “‘They Make Us Feel Like We’re a Virus’: The Impact of Islamophobic Victimisation on Veiled Muslim Women”, Current Issues in Criminal Justice, n°4, pp. 44-56. DOI: 10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i3.236.
DAHYA, Bader (1974): “The Nature of Pakistani Ethnicity in Industrial Cities in Britain”, in COHEN, Abner (ed.): Urban Ethnicity, London, Tavistock, pp. 77-118.
DEVJI, Faisal (2005): Landscapes of the Jihad: Militancy, Morality, Modernity, New York, Cornell University Press.
DWYER, Claire (1999): “Veiled meanings: young British Muslim women and the negotiation of differences”, Gender, Place and Culture, n°4, pp. 5-26. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09663699925123.
DWYER, Claire (2000): “Negotiating diasporic identities: young British South Asian Muslim women”, Women’s Studies International Forum, n°23, pp. 475-486. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(00)00110-2.
ESPOSITO, John (1994): “Political Islam: Beyond the Green Menace”, Current History, n°93, pp. 19-24.
FARRAR, Max (2009): “Violent Urban Protest – Identities, Ethics and Islamism”, in BHATTACHARYYA, Gargi (ed.): Ethnicities and Values in a Changing World, London, Routledge, pp. 103-118.
GALE, Richard (2009): “The Multicultural City and the Politics of Religious Architecture: urban planning, Mosques and meaning making in Birmingham” in GALE, Richard and HOPKINS, Peter (eds.): Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 113-131.
GILLBORN, David and YOUDELL, Deborah (2000): Rationing Education: Policy, practice, reform and equity, Buckingham and Philadelphia, Open University Press.
GITHENS-MAZER, Jonathan and LAMBERT, Robert (2010): “Why conventional wisdom on radicalization fails: the persistence of a failed discourse”, International Affairs, n°86, pp. 889-901.
GÖLE, Nilüfer (2006): “Islamic Visibilities and Public Sphere”, in GÖLE, Nilüfer and AMMANN, Ludwig (eds.): Islam in Public: Turkey, Iran, and Europe, Istanbul, Bilgi University Press, pp. 1-41.
HAMID, Sadek (2011): “British Muslim Young People: Facts, Features and Religious Trends”, Religion, State and Society, n°39, pp. 247-261. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2011.600582.
HEATH-KELLY, Charlotte (2012): “Counter-Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’ Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy”, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, n°15, pp. 394-415. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00489.x.
HERDING, Maruta (2013): Inventing the Muslim Cool: Islamic youth culture in Western Europe, Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag.
HUSSAIN, Ajmal (2014): “Transgressing Community: The Case of Muslims in a Twenty-First- Century British City”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, n°37, pp. 621-635. DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2013.836604.
HUSSAIN, Serena and SHERIF, Jamil (2014): “Minority religions in the census: the case of British Muslims”, Religions, n°44, pp. 414-433. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2014.927049.
HUSSAIN, Ajmal (2015): “(Dis)Locating Muslims in Britain Today,” in TOGUSLU, Erkan (ed.): Everyday Life Practices of Muslims in Europe, Leuven, Leuven University Press, pp. 175-192.
HUSSAIN, Ajmal and MEER, Nasar (2018): “Fundamental British Values and Muslim Identity in Public Life”, Discover Society, 1. Available at: https://archive.discoversociety.org/2018/05/01/fundamental-british-values-and-muslim-identity-in-public-life/ [Access: 01.02.2024].
HUSSAIN, Ajmal (2022): “Street Salafism: contingency and urbanity as religious creed”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, n°40, pp. 469-485. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/02637758211069989.
HUSSAIN, Yasmin and BAGGULEY, Paul (2007): Moving on Up – South Asian Women and Higher Education, Stoke-on-Trent, Trentham Books.
HUTNYK, John (2006): “THE DIALECTICS OF EUROPEAN HIP-HOP: Fun-da-mental and the deathening silence”, Journal of South Asian Popular Culture, n°3, pp. 17-32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14746680500118335.
INGE, Anabel (2017): The Making of a Salafi Woman: Paths to Conversion, New York, Oxford University Press.
JACKSON, Leonie B. (2018): Islamophobia in Britain: The Making of a Muslim Enemy, London, Palgrave Macmillan.
JONES, Stephen H. (2012): “Knowledge, Tradition and Authority in British Islamic Theology”, in GUEST, Mathew and ARWECK, Elisabeth (eds.): Religion and Knowledge: Sociological Perspectives, Aldershot, Ashgate, pp. 133-148.
JONES, Stephen H. (2013): “New Labour and the Re-making of British Islam: The Case of the Radical Middle Way and the ‘Reclamation’ of the Classical Islamic Tradition”, Religions, n°4, pp. 550-566. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel4040550.
KALRA, Virinder (2000): From Textile Mills to Taxi Ranks: Experiences of Migration, Labour and Social Change, Aldershot, Ashgate.
KAPOOR, Nisha; KALRA, Virinder and RHODES, James (eds.) (2013): The State of Race, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.
KEITH, Michael (2013): “Migration, Faith, Ethnicity and Political Subjectivity”, in GARNETT, Jane and HARRIS, Alana (eds.): Rescripting Religion in the City: Migration and Religious Identity in the Modern Metropolis, Farnham, Ashgate, pp 37-43.
KUNDNANI, Arun (2001): “From Oldham to Bradford: the violence of the violated”, Race and Class, n°43, pp. 105-131.
KUNDNANI, Arun (2009): “Spooked!: how not to prevent violent extremism”, Institute of Race Relations, 17 October. Available at: https://irr.org.uk/article/spooked-how-not-to-prevent-violent-extremism/ [Access: 01.03.2024].
LEWIS, Philip (2007): Young, British and Muslim, London, Continuum.
MALIK, Kenan (2012): From fatwa to jihad: The Rushdie affair and its legacy, London, Atlantic Books.
MAMDANI, Mahmood (2003): Good Muslim, Bad Muslim, New York, Three Leaves Press.
MASSOUMI, Narzanin (2015): “‘The Muslim woman activist’: Solidarity across difference in the movement against the ‘War on Terror’”, Ethnicities, n°15, pp. 715-741. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796814567786.
MASSOUMI, Narzanin (2016): Muslim Women, Social Movements and the “War on Terror”, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.
McDONALD, Laura Zahra (2012): “Gender within a Counter-Terrorism Context”, in SPALEK, Basia (ed.): Counter-Terrorism: Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Terror Crime, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 100-118.
MEER, Nasar (2010): Citizenship, Identity, and the Politics of Multiculturalism: The Rise of Muslim Consciousness, Basingstoke, Palgrave.
MEER, Nasar (2012): “Negotiating faith and politics: the emergence of Muslim consciousness in Britain”, in AHMAD, Waqar and SARDAR, Ziauddin (eds.): Muslims in Britain: Making Social and Political Space, London, Taylor and Francis Inc., pp. 156-170.
METCALF, Barbara Daly (1996): “Introduction: Sacred Words, Sanctioned Practice, New Communities”, in METCALF, Barbara Daly (ed.): Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 1-30.
MIAH, Shamim (2017): Muslims, Schooling and Security: Trojan Horse, Prevent and Racial Politics, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.
MODOOD, Tariq (1990): “Muslims, race and equality in Britain: Some post?Rushdie affair reflections”, Third Text, n°4, pp. 127-134.
MODOOD, Tariq (1997): “Difference: Cultural Racism and Anti-Racism,” in WERBNER, Pnina and MODOOD, Tariq (eds.): Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, London, Zed Books, pp. 154-172.
MOHAMMAD, Robina (2011): “Making gender ma(R)king place: youthful British Pakistani Muslim women’s narratives of urban space”, Environment and Planning, n°45, pp. 1802-1822. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1068/a45253.
MORA, Laura (2022): Examining the self-representation of hijab fashion bloggers as a postfeminist phenomenon: discourses of empowerment and their limitations, Doctoral thesis, Keele University.
NICKELS, Henri C.; THOMAS, Lyn, HICKMAN, Mary J. and SILVESTRI, Sara (2009): “A comparative study of the representation of ‘suspect’ communities in multi-ethnic Britain and of their impact on Muslim and Irish communities”, ISET Institute for the study of European Transformation, Working paper 13, London Metropolitan University.
OUSLEY, Herman (2001): “Community Pride not Prejudice – making diversity work in Bradford: The Ousley Report”, July, Bradford, The Bradford District Review Panel. Available at: https://docslib.org/doc/8920990/community-pride-not-prejudice-making-diversity-work-in-bradford-presented-to-bradford-vision-by-sir-herman-ouseley-july-2001-community-pride [Access : 13.01.2024].
PEARSON, Elizabeth (2020): “Between Protection and Participation: Affect, Countering Violent Extremism and the Possibility for Agency”, in BASU, Soumita; KIRBY, Paul and SHEPHERD, Laura J. (eds.): New Directions in Women, Peace, and Security, Bristol, Bristol University Press, pp. 91-110.
PILKINGTON, Hilary and HUSSAIN, Ajmal (2022): “Why wouldn’t you consult us? Reflections on preventing radicalisation among actors in radical(ising) milieus”, Journal for Deradicalisation, n°30, pp. 1-44.
POOLE, Elizabeth and RICHARDSON, John E. (eds.) (2006): Muslims and the News Media, London, I.B. Tauris.
QURESHI, Abeeda (2021): From Multiculturalism to Integration Muslim Women and Preventing Violent Extremism Policies in the UK, 2001-2016, London, Routledge India.
SAEED, Amir (2007): “Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media”, Sociology Compass, n°I/2, pp. 443-462. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00039.x.
SAID, Edward W. (1978): Orientalism, New York, Pantheon Books.
SAID, Edward W. (1981): Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world, New York, Penguin Random House.
SAMAD, Yunas (2002): “Ethnicization of Religion”, in SAMAD, Yunas and SEN, Kasturi (eds.): Islam in the European Union: Transnationalism, Youth and the War on Terror, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 160-169.
SAMAD, Yunas (2010): Muslims and Community Cohesion in Bradford, York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
SAYYID, Salman (2006): “BrAsians: Postcolonial People, Ironic Citizens”, in ALI, Nasreen; KALRA, Virinder and SAYYID, Salman (eds.): A Postcolonial People: South Asians in Britain, London, Hurst & Company, pp. 1-10.
SAYYID, Salman (2009): “Answering the Muslim Question: The Politics of Muslims in Europe”, in ARAÚJO, Marta; MATIAS, Marisa, SANTOS, Helia and MARTINS BRUNO SENA (eds): O Imaginário Europeu a partir da Controvérsia dos Cartoons: Desenhando Civilizações?, e-Cadernos CES 03, pp. 86-100.
SHACKLE, Samira (2017): “Trojan horse: the real story behind the fake ‘Islamic plot’ to take over schools”, The Guardian, 1 September. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/01/trojan-horse-the-real-story-behind-the-fake-islamic-plot-to-take-over-schools [Access: 03.01.2024].
SHAW, Allison (2000): Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain, London, Routledge.
SHERIF, Jamil (2011): “A Census Chronicle: Reflections on the Campaign for a Religion Question in the 2001 Census for England and Wales”, Journal of Beliefs and Values, n°32, pp. 1-18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2011.549306.
SWEDENBURG, Ted (2010): “Fun-da-mental’s ‘Jihad Rap’”, in BEYAT, Asef and HERRERA, Linda (eds.): Being Young and Muslim: New Cultural Politics in the Global South and North, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 291-308.
TAKHAR, Shaminder (2004): “South Asian Women and the Question of Political Organization”, in PUWAR, Nirmal and RAGHURAM, Parvati (eds.): South Asian Women in The Diaspora, Oxford, Berg.
TARLO, Emma (2007): “Hijab in London: metamorphosis, resonance and effects”, Journal of Material Culture, n°12, pp. 131-156. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183507078121.
TARLO, Emma (2010): Visibly Muslim, Fashion, Politics, Faith, Oxford, Berg.
THOMAS, Paul (2017): “Changing experiences of responsibilisation and contestation within counter-terrorism policies: The British Prevent experience”, Policy & Politics, n°45, pp. 305-321. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14943145195580.
YOUNIS, Tarek (2022): The Muslim, State and Mind: Psychology in Times of Islamophobia, London, Sage.
VERTOVEC, Steven (1998): “Young Muslims in Keighley, West Yorkshire: Cultural Identity, Context and Community”, in VERTOVEC, Steven and ROGERS, Alisdair (eds.): Muslim European Youth: reproducing ethnicity, religion, culture, Aldershot, Ashgate, pp. 87-101.
WARDANA, Amika (2013): “Institutionalising diasporic Islam: multiculturalism, secularism and the integration of Muslim immigrants in Britain”, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, n°3, pp. 31-72. DOI: 10.18326/ijims.v3i1.31-72.