El discurso oficial de las autoridades marroquíes y sus aliados en la ecologización de sus políticas públicas: modernización del autoritarismo, inserción internacional y lucha contra el cambio climático
Palabras clave:
Cambio climático, Autoritarismo, Marruecos, Legitimidad, Posdemocracia
Resumen
La región de Oriente Medio y África del Norte (MENA) ha sido principalmente caracterizada por la presencia de regímenes autoritarios. Gran parte de las lecturas académicas tradicionales considera que muchos de estos regímenes son antidemocráticos y, por lo tanto, niegan la posibilidad de que estos regímenes puedan trabajar de manera significativa y efectiva hacia objetivos globales importantes. Al participar en un enfoque posdemocrático, este documento va más allá de lo que le falta a Marruecos en cuanto a principios y normas democráticas. En cambio, se centra en la acción beneficiosa que está tomando para combatir el cambio climático a nivel nacional y, en última instancia, trabajar con la comunidad internacional para contribuir a objetivos climáticos globales. Este documento explora las numerosas iniciativas que el régimen marroquí está emprendiendo a su propio ritmo, a la vez que analiza los actores clave en estas actividades, así como sus impulsos para hacerlo. En última instancia, se presentan datos para llegar a la conclusión de que, aunque el régimen marroquí esté llevando a cabo tales actividades, es en gran parte para consolidar y legitimar su propio poder, tomando medidas importantes que son beneficiosas para su propio pueblo y el resto del mundo. En este sentido, el régimen marroquí autoritario está combatiendo el cambio climático como un medio para mantener y reforzar su propio control sobre el poder en la región.Descargas
Citas
AHOUGA, Younès, and Rahel Kunz. "« Gendarme de l'Europe » ou « chef de file » ? Le Maroc dans le dispositif régulateur des migrations euro-méditerranéennes, Europe's Policeman or Leader? The Place of Morocco in the Regulative Dispositif of Euro-Mediterranean Migration." Critique internationale, no. 74 (January 12, 2017): 95-115. https://doi.org/10.3917/crii.074.0095
ALBRECHT, Holger, and Oliver Schlumberger. "'Waiting for Godot': Regime Change Without Democratization in the Middle East." International Political Science Review 25, no. 4 (2004): 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512104045085.
BAYART, J.-F. "Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion." African Affairs 99, no. 395 (2000): 217-267. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/99.395.217
BEBLAWI, Hazem. "The Rentier State in the Arab World." Arab Studies Quarterly 9, no. 4 (1987): 383-98.
BENNANI-CHRAIB, Mounia, and Mohamed Jeghllaly. "La dynamique protestataire du Mouvement du 20 février à Casablanca, Abstract." Revue française de science politique 62, no. 5 (December 7, 2012): 867-94. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.625.867.
BOYD, Emily, and Emma Lisa Schipper. "The Marrakech Accord-At the Crossroad to Ratification: Seventh Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." The Journal of Environment & Development 11, no. 2 (2002): 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/10796502011002006.
BURCK, Jan, Franziska Marten, Christoph Bals, Thea Uhlich, Niklas Höhne, Sofia Gonzales, Mia Moisio, and Germanwatch. Climate Change Performance Index 2017, 2017.
BUSINESS WIRE. "Morocco Is Still a Climate Change Champion," September 15, 2017. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170915005906/en/Morocco-Climate-Change-Champion.
CARAFA, Luigi, Gianleo Frisari, and Georgeta Vidican. "Electricity Transition in the Middle East and North Africa: A de-Risking Governance Approach." Journal of Cleaner Production 128 (2016): 34-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.012.
DALBY, Simon. "Climate Geopolitics: Securing the Global Economy." International Politics 52, no. 4 (2015): 426-444. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2015.3.
DESRUES, Thierry. "Governability and Agricultural Policy in Morocco: Functionality and Limitations of the Reform Discourse." Mediterranean Politics 10, no. 1 (2005): 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362939042000338836.
EL OUALI, Abderrahim. "'Green Morocco Plan' Fails to Confront Climate Change | Inter Press Service," 2012. http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/03/lsquogreen-morocco-planrsquo-fails-to-confront-climate-change/.
ESPER, Jan, David Frank, Ulf Büntgen, Anne Verstege, Jürg Luterbacher, and Elena Xoplaki. "Long‐term Drought Severity Variations in Morocco." Geophysical Research Letters 34, no. 17 (2007): n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030844.
FAYSSE, Nicolas. "The Rationale of the Green Morocco Plan: Missing Links between Goals and Implementation." The Journal of North African Studies 20, no. 4 (2015): 622-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2015.1053112
FOUCAULT, Michel. "Society Must Be Defended": Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76. 1st Picador pbk. ed.. New York: Picador, 2003.
GREENE, Matthew. "Pourquoi Les Plages Du Maroc Disparaissent-Elles ?" Middle East Eye. Accessed August 6, 2019. http://www.middleeasteye.net/reportages/pourquoi-les-plages-du-maroc-disparaissent-elles-1589408038.
PRISCO, Jacopo. "Why Morocco Is a Leader of the 'green' World - CNN," 2016. http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/17/africa/morocco-green-energy/index.html.
KAMPFNER, John. "Tangled in the Neoconservative Web: Talk about the Axis of Evil Is Back with a Vengeance, Hopes for the Middle East Road Map Are Receding. So Where Is Blair's Peace Dividend? (War/London).(US, Britain and Post War Iraq)(British Arabs Use Arab News Sources to Avoid Propaganda)." New Statesman 132, no. 4632 (2003): 18.
KEOHANE, Robert O. "The Global Politics of Climate Change: Challenge for Political Science" 48, no. 1 (2015): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096514001541.
LEVINE, Mark. "Theorizing Revolutionary Practice: Agendas for Research on the Arab Uprisings." Middle East Critique 22, no. 3 (2013): 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2013.818194.
LISLE, Debbie. "Consuming Danger: Reimagining the War/Tourism Divide." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 25, no. 1 (2000): 91-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540002500106.
LUST-OSKAR, Ellen. "Divided They Rule: The Management and Manipulation of Political Opposition." Comparative Politics 36, no. 2 (2004): 159-179. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150141.
MOUSTAKBAL, Jawad. "Despotisme, néolibéralisme et changement climatique conduiront le Maroc à la catastrophe." Middle East Eye édition française. Accessed August 6, 2019. http://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/opinion-fr/despotisme-neoliberalisme-et-changement-climatique-conduiront-le-maroc-la-catastrophe.
QUÉFÉLEC, Stéphane, and Samir Allal. "Development, Water and Energy in the Context of Climate Change in North Africa." Regional Environmental Change 15, no. 8 (2015): 1611-1625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0706-9.
ROSCOE, Andrew. "Rabat Selects Firms for next Phase of Noor Solar Project." MEED Middle East Economic Digest 57, no. 33 (2013): 11.
SCHILLING, Janpeter, Korbinian P. Freier, Elke Hertig, and Jürgen Scheffran. "Climate Change, Vulnerability and Adaptation in North Africa with Focus on Morocco." Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 156 (2012): 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.021.
SCHLUMBEGER, Oliver. "The Arab Middle East and the Question of Democratization: Some Critical Remarks." Democratization 7, no. 4 (2000): 104-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340008403686.
SCHUMACHER, Ernst Friedrich. Small Is Beautiful: Economics as If People Mattered. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
CLIMATE HOME NEWS "Solar Plant the Size of San Francisco Powers Morocco's Sunlit Ambitions." Climate Home News, January 22, 2019. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/01/22/solar-plant-size-3500-football-pitches-powers-moroccos-sunlit-ambitions/.
TEKKEN, Vera, Luis Costa, and Juergen Kropp. "Increasing Pressure, Declining Water and Climate Change in North-Eastern Morocco." Journal of Coastal Conservation 17, no. 3 (2013): 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-013-0234-7.
TETI, Andrea. "Beyond Lies the Wub: The Challenges of (Post)Democratization." Middle East Critique 21, no. 1 (2012): 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2012.658495.
VECCHIO, Kévin Del, and Pierre-Louis Mayaux. "Gouverner les eaux souterraines au Maroc, Governing groundwater in Morocco: the state as a liberal modernizer." Gouvernement et action publique, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 107-30. https://doi.org/10.3917/gap.171.0107. https://doi.org/10.3917/gap.171.0107
VICKERS, Brendan. "Trade and Climate Change: Constructing a Multilateral Agenda for Africa.(Travel Narrative)." Strategic Review for Southern Africa 34, no. 1 (2012): 1-20.
WILKONSON, Philippa. "Morocco Invites Interest in Noor IV Solar Scheme.(The Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy Contract with Acwa Power International)." MEED Middle East Economic Digest 59, no. 13 (2015): 12.
WORLD BANK. "5 Things Morocco Is Doing about Climate Change." World Bank, 2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/11/17/5-things-morocco-is-doing-about-climate-change.
WORLD BANK. "Learning from Morocco: Why Invest in Concentrated Solar Power?" World Bank, 2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/11/08/learning-from-morocco-why-invest-in-concentrated-solar-power.
WORLD BANK. "Projects : MA- Noor Ouarzazate Concentrated Solar Power Project | The World Bank," 2017. http://projects.worldbank.org/P131256?lang=en.
YOUSFI, Fayrouz. "COP22 Au Maroc : Entre Discours Écologiques de Façade et Injustices Environnementales." Middle East Eye. Accessed August 6, 2019. http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinions/cop22-au-maroc-entre-discours-cologiques-de-fa-ade-et-injustices-environnementales.