Núm. 55 (2024): Las transformaciones de la Paz Liberal en los albores del siglo XXI
Artículos

Reconfiguración de la construcción de la paz en una era de multipolaridad: alineación bajo la hegemonía versus la desalineación multipolar

Oliver Richmond
University of Manchester
Sandra Pogodda
Universidad de Manchester
Elena Ledo Martínez
Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla (España)
Biografía
Publicado 28 febrero 2024

Palabras clave:

Construcción de paz, Multipolaridad
Cómo citar
Richmond, O., Pogodda, S., & Ledo Martínez, E. (2024). Reconfiguración de la construcción de la paz en una era de multipolaridad: alineación bajo la hegemonía versus la desalineación multipolar. Relaciones Internacionales, (55), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.002

Resumen

Con la publicación de Agenda para la Paz en 1992, el sistema de Naciones Unidas abrió sus intervenciones de paz a críticas que finalmente permitieron una tímida incorporación de enfoques etnográficos, feministas y basados en los derechos al Orden Internacional Liberal (OIL). Sin embargo, los esfuerzos posteriores por reformar la Arquitectura Internacional de la Paz (IPA), mucho más amplia, han sido limitados. Las reivindicaciones políticas legítimas ajenas a la concepción occidental del establecimiento de la paz pronto quedaron marginadas, a pesar de la creciente importancia de los discursos no occidentales. Del orden internacional liberal surgió una idea importante: la idea de que las capacidades coercitivas del estado debían ser limitadas por una alianza entre los actores internacionales y la sociedad civil para permitir el florecimiento de una paz sostenible. En un orden multipolar emergente, este alineamiento liberal parece haberse roto.

Este artículo describe y compara de forma crítica dos modelos de orden internacional y sus epistemologías y herramientas de pacificación relacionadas: el modelo alineado bajo la hegemonía liberal, que surgió después de 1990, y el modelo multipolar desalineado del siglo XXI. En el orden alineado ha surgido una dinámica no violenta de pacificación estancada, mientras que el orden desalineado suele generar una paz opresiva e inestable. Aunque en última instancia ambos patrones congelan los conflictos en lugar de resolverlos, existen diferencias significativas entre ellos. Los instrumentos desarrollados por potencias emergentes como muchos de los BRICS, incluidas China y Rusia, dejan sin respuesta las críticas feministas, etnográficas, poscoloniales, medioambientales y posliberales (aunque parezcan apoyar discursivamente algunas de estas críticas). Además, el argumento de la paz liberal apenas se aplica en condiciones de multipolaridad.

Metodológicamente, el documento presenta un análisis crítico inductivo de la pacificación contemporánea, comparando la alineación del orden internacional liberal con la desalineación en el orden multipolar emergente. En primer lugar, se explica cómo los estudios avanzados y las demandas de la sociedad civil presionan a la arquitectura internacional de la paz para que vaya más allá del paradigma de la gestión de conflictos y amplíe sus herramientas de intervención. Sin embargo, este documento pone de relieve las limitaciones de las críticas académicas. Además, analiza por qué la arquitectura internacional de la paz ha fracasado en última instancia a la hora de transformar fundamentalmente sus políticas y herramientas. Mediante la elaboración de la "alineación liberal", esta investigación explica por qué los intentos de reducir el poder estatal adquirieron importancia a principios del período posterior a la Guerra Fría, por qué esta alineación podría haber proporcionado una plataforma para avanzar hacia una paz emancipadora, pero también cómo se rompió la alineación. Tras analizar los mecanismos que condujeron al colapso del "alineamiento liberal", el documento investiga el "desalineamiento" emergente del establecimiento de la paz en un orden internacional de transición. Identifica dos vertientes del orden desalineado: Una vertiente internacional y otra decolonial, que parecen incompatibles. Por último, el documento evalúa lo que esto significa para una revisión crítica de las prácticas de pacificación y de la teoría de la paz.

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