Recentrando lo humano en los continuos de in/movilidad e in/seguridad: Percepciones desde dos fronteras emblemáticas
Palabras clave:
movilidad, inmovilidad, seguridad, inseguridad, soberania, fronteraDerechos de autor 2023 Anitta Kynsilehto, Angel Iglesias Ortiz
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Resumen
Este artículo defiende la necesidad de descentrar al estado y recentrar lo humano en el análisis de temas de movilidad dentro de los estudios de las Relaciones Internacionales. Para desarrollar nuestro argumento, usamos en conjunto ideas del pensamiento feminista y de los estudios críticos de seguridad, así como otras ideas multidisciplinarias. Con este conjunto abordamos los des/encuentros entre la persona en situación de movilidad y la aplicación de la soberanía nacional, subrayando como los continuos de in/movilidad e in/seguridad se entrelazan en este des/encuentro. De este modo, cuestionamos el concepto de seguridad en las Relaciones Internacionales que sigue siendo conceptualizado desde la perspectiva de la seguridad nacional, pesar de las críticas a dicho concepto que emanan de diferentes enfoques críticos. En la parte metodológica el artículo se basa en una extensa investigación etnográfica en la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos (EEUU) y en Marruecos. En la primera sección se discute la noción de soberanía nacional la cual es ejecutada en la propia frontera, pero que también ciertos estados han extendido más allá de sus fronteras. Este proceso, conocido como la externalización de controles fronterizos y de migración, puede ser entendido como un embate a la soberanía de los estados que deciden aceptar y aplicar estos controles en sus propias fronteras. Posteriormente nos centramos en el concepto de seguridad y cuestionamos de quién es la seguridad que está en riesgo. En este punto demostramos como la aplicación de la seguridad del estado amenaza la seguridad de aquellas personas sin privilegios en situación de movilidad dentro de las jerarquías globales de movilidad. En la segunda sección, discutimos como las perspectivas detalladas se manifiestan en nuestros dos lugares de investigación. Esta sección se enfoca a los continuos de in/movilidad e in/seguridad y se propone como se podría reconocer el posicionamiento de lo humano y su multiplicidad a la par de la figura racional reconocida en las corrientes tradicionales de las relaciones internacionales. Concluimos el artículo con una reflexión acerca de cómo este interés de recentrar lo humano es pertinente para los estudios en relaciones internacionales en lo concerniente a la coyuntura de la in/movilidad e in/seguridad humana, y de una posible contribución a una justicia en la movilidad humana.
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