Las implicaciones del establecimiento de fronteras y su cruce para el control de las enfermedades de ganado en el África colonial meridional: 1890-1960
Palabras clave:
Cruce de fronteras, enfermedades del ganado, colonialismo, racismo, África del Sur, cooperación científicaResumen
Este artículo explora las implicaciones de la creación y el cruce de fronteras para el control de las enfermedades del ganado en el África meridional colonial. Sobre la base de documentos de archivo e historias orales, argumenta que el movimiento de ganado y de animales salvajes a través de las fronteras, que afectó la epidemiología de las enfermedades del ganado y amenazó a la industria ganadera, dio lugar a conferencias científicas internacionales y a la cooperación para el control de enfermedades entre países como Zimbabwe, Mozambique y África del Sur. Esta cooperación científica incluyó esfuerzos para controlar la fiebre de la costa este, la tripanosomiasis y la fiebre aftosa. Por lo tanto, este artículo muestra la importancia de los procesos de creación y cruce de fronteras para la configuración de las trayectorias históricas de los diversos espacios sociales en el sur de África. Además, debido a la permeabilidad de las fronteras coloniales, las enfermedades del ganado pusieron en entredicho la idea de un espacio interno en contraposición con otro externo en tanto que posiciones evidentes por sí mismas porque el cuestionamiento de las fronteras en la forma de varios movimientos transfronterizos contribuyó a la cooperación científica intercolonial para controlar las enfermedades del ganado. Lo que a menudo se pasa por alto es que, aunque se suponía que las políticas veterinarias, en teoría, debían aplicarse indiscriminadamente, los africanos y su ganado, considerado como enfermo en los círculos europeos, eran los más afectados. Por lo tanto, este artículo también examina cómo las políticas ganaderas que surgieron de estas conferencias internacionales afectaron a los campesinos africanos, cuyos medios de subsistencia y culturas estaban basados en la cría de ganado. Lo que empeoró la situación fue que, debido a su actitud paternalista, los funcionarios coloniales rara vez explicaban sus acciones a los africanos, acciones que incluían el sacrificio masivo de ganado de propiedad africana, así como restricciones al movimiento de dicho ganado.
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