Sex and Gender Differences in the Association Between Depression and Heart Failure: A Systematic Literature Review
Keywords:
cardiovascular disease, depressive symptoms, risk factors, sex/gender differencesAbstract
Heart failure (HF) is the inability of the heart to pump adequate blood to the tissues and affects 64.3 million people. Depression is a risk factor related to HF that, together with other comorbidities, habits and socioeconomic factors, lead to a worse outcome of HF. The main objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of depression in HF patients according to sex and/or gender and to analyse possible differences in the depressive symptoms. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was carried out using the Web of Science database and various inclusion and exclusion criteria. In most of the studies, significant sex/gender differences were observed in the depressive symptoms, being greater in women. Whereas HF mortality rate was similar in both sexes, women showed a poorer quality of life, and men were more likely to be re-hospitalised. Women's predisposition to depression can be explained by social factors and biological mechanisms. Obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity and socioeconomic status are more prevalent in women, while hypertension and smoking are more common in men. However, the risk of HF caused by these two factors is higher in women. In conclusion, HF is a multifactorial disease whose discrepancies according to sex and gender should be considered by health professionals.
Downloads
References
Ambikairajah, Ananthan; Walsh, Erin; Tabatabaei-Jafari, Hossein y Cherbuin, Nicolas. 2019. Fat mass changes during menopause: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221(5): 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.04.023
American Psychiatric Association. 2015. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales: DSM-5®. Arlington VA, EE.UU.: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Ather, Saamer; Chan, Wenyaw; Bozkurt, Biykem; Aguilar, David; Ramasubbu, Kumudha; Zachariah, Amit A.; Wehrens, Xander H.T. y Deswal, Anita. 2012. Impact of noncardiac comorbidities on morbidity and mortality in a predominantly male population with heart failure and preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(11): 998-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.040
Beck, Aaaron T.; Steer, Robert A. y Carbin, Margery G. 1988. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1): 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
Bella,?Jonathan N.; Devereux,?Richard B.; Roman,?Mary J.; Palmieri, Vittorio; Liu, Jennifer E.; Paranicas, Mary; Welty, Thomas K.; Lee, Elisa T.; Fabsitz, Richard R. y Howard, Barbara V. 2001. Separate and joint effects of systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus on left ventricular structure and function in American Indians (the Strong Heart Study). American Journal of Cardiology, 87(11): 1260-1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01516-8
Benowitz, Neal L. y Burbank, Andrea D. 2016. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: implications for electronic cigarette use. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 26(6): 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2016.03.001
Conrad, Nathalie; Judge, Andrew; Tran, Jenny; Mohseni, Hamid; Hedgecott, Deborah; Pérez Crespillo, Abel; Allison, Moira; Hemingway, Harry; Cleland, John; McMurray, John J.V. y Rahimi, Kazem. 2018. Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals. The Lancet, 391(10120): 572-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32520-5
Dewan, Pooja; Rørth, Rasmus; Jhund, Paardep S.; Ferreira, Joao Pedro; Zannad, Faiez; Shen, Li; Køber, Lars; Abraham, William T.; Desai, Akshay S.; Dickstein, Kenneth; Packer, Milton; Rouleau, Jean L.; Solomon, Scott D.; Swedberg, Karl; Zile, Michael R. y McMurray, John JV. PARADIGM-HF and ATMOSPHERE Investigators. 2019. Income inequality and outcomes in heart failure: a global between-country analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Heart Failure, 7(4): 336-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2018.11.005
Dunlay, Shannon M. y Roger, Véronique L. 2014. Understanding the Epidemic of Heart Failure: Past, Present, and Future. Current Heart Failure Reports, 11: 404-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-014-0220-x
Eastwood, Jo-Ann; Moser, Debra K.; Riegel, Barbara J.; Albert, Nancy M.; Pressler, Sussan; Chung, Misook L.; Dunbar, Sandra; Wu, Jia-Rong y Lennie, Terry A. 2012. Commonalities and differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in men and women with heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 11(3): 356-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112438010
Ertunc, Meric Erikci y Hotamisligil, Gökhan S. 2016. Lipid signaling and lipotoxicity in metaflammation: indications for metabolic disease pathogenesis and treatment. Journal of Lipid Research, 57(12): 2099-2114. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R066514
Formiga, Francesc y Losada, Andrés. 2021. Insuficiencia cardiaca y depresión en personas mayores. Relevancia de la comorbilidad y del tratamiento conjunto. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 56(2): 65-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2021.01.003
Gaffey, Allison E.; Cavanagh, Casey E.; Rosman, Lindsey; Wang, Kaicheng; Deng, Yanhong; Sims, Mario; O’Brien Emily C.; Chamberlain Alanna M.; Mentz, Robert J.; Glover, LáShauntá M. y Burg, Matthew M. 2022. Depressive symptoms and incident heart failure in the Jackson heart study: differential risk among black men and women. Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 11(5): e022514. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.022514
Galderisi, Maurizio; Anderson, Keaven M.; Wilson, Peter W.F. y Levy, Daniel. 1991. Echocardiographic evidence for the existence of a distinct diabetic cardiomyopathy (the Framingham Heart Study). American Journal of Cardiology, 68(1): 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(91)90716-X
García, Mariana; Mulvagh, Sharon L.; Bairey Merz, C. Noel; Buring, Julie E. y Manson, Joann E. 2016. Cardiovascular disease in women: clinical perspectives. Circulation Research, 118(8): 1273-1293. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. 2018. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159): 1789-1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
Gottlieb, Stehpen S.; Khatta, Meenakshi; Friedmann, Erika; Einbinder, Lynn; Katzen, Scott; Baker, Brian; Marshall, Joanne; Minshall, Stacey; Robinson, Shawn; Fisher, Michael L.; Potenza, Matthew; Sigler, Brianne; Baldwin, Carissa y Thomas, Sue Ann. 2004. The influence of age, gender, and race on the prevalence of depression in heart failure patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(9): 1542-1549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.10.064
Graven, Lucinda J.; Grant, Joan S.; Vance, David E.; Pryor, Erica R; Grubbs, Laurie y Karioth, Sally. 2015. Predicting depressive symptoms and self-care in patients with heart failure. American Journal of Health Behavior, 39(1): 77-87. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.39.1.9
Groenewegen, Amy; Rutten, Frans H.; Mosterd, Arend y Hoes, Arno W. 2020. Epidemiology of heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 22(8): 1342-1356. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1858
Hare, David L.; Toukhsati, Samia R.; Johansson, Peter y Jaarsma, Tiny. 2014. Depression and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. European Heart Journal, 35(21): 1365-1372. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht462
Havranek, Edward P.; Mujahid, Mahasin S.; Barr, Donald A.; Blair, Irene V.; Cohen, Meryl S.; Cruz-Flores, Salvador; Davey-Smith, George; Dennison-Himmelfalb, Cheryl R.; Lauer, Michael S.; Lockwood Debra W.; Rosal, Milagros y Yancy, Clyde W. 2015. Social determinants of risk and outcomes for cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 132(9): 873-898. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000228
He, Jiang; Ogden, Lorraine G.; Bazzano, Lydia A.; Vupputuri, Suma; Loria, Catherine y Whelton, Paul K. 2001. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(7): 996-1002. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.7.996
Heo, Seongkum, Shin, Mi-Seung; Hwang, Seon Young; An, Mingeon; Park, Jin-Kyu; Kim, SunHwa; Shim, Jae Lan y Kim, JinShil. 2019. Sex differences in heart failure symptoms and factors associated with heart failure symptoms. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 34(4): 306-312. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000579
Ishak, Waguih William; Edwards, Gabriel; Herrera, Nathalie, Lin, Tiffany; Hren, Kathryn; Peterson, Michael; Angela Liu, A.N.; Kimchi, Asher; Spiegel, Brennan; Hedrick, Rebecca; Chernoff, Robert, Diniz, Marcio; Mirocha, James; Manoukian, Vicki; Ong, Michael; Harold, John; Danovitch Itai y Hamilton, Michele (2020). Depression in heart failure: a systematic review. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(4-6): 27-38.
Kao, Chi-Wen; Ting-Yu, Chen; Cheng; Shu-Meng; Wei-Shiang, Lin; Friedmann, Erikay Thomas, Sue Ann. 2014. Gender differences in the predictors of depression among patients with heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 13(4): 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113496493
Krumholz, Harlan M.; Larson, Martin y Levy, Daniel. 1993. Sex differences in cardiac adaptation to isolated systolic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology, 72(3): 310-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(93)90678-6
Lam, Carolyn S.P.; Arnott, Clare; Beale, Anna L.; Chandramouli, Chanchal; Hilfiker-Kleiner, Denise; Kaye, David M.; Ky, Bonnie; Santema, Bernardet T.; Sliwa , Karen y Voors, Adriaan A. 2019. Sex differences in heart failure. European Heart Journal, 40(47): 3859-3868. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz835
Laso, Francisco Javier. 2004. Patologi?a general: introduccio?n a la medicina cli?nica. Barcelona, España: Editorial Masson.
Lee, Kyoung Suk S.; Song, Eun Kyeung; Lennie, Terry A.; Frazier, Susan K.; Chung, Misook L.; Heo, Seongkum; Wu, Jia-Rong; Rayens, Mary Kay; Riegel, Barbara y Moser, Debra K. 2010. Symptom clusters in men and women with heart failure and their impact on cardiac event-free survival. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 25(4): 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181cfbb88
Liguori, Ilaria; Russo, Gennaro; Curcio, Francesco; Sasso, Giusseppe; Della-Morte, David; Gargiulo, Gaetano; Pirozzi, Flora; Cacciatore, Francesco; Bonaduce, Domenico; Abete, Pasquale y Testa, Gianluca. 2018. Depression and chronic heart failure in the elderly: an intriguing relationship. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, 15(6): 451-459. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2018.06.014
Lindgren, Martin y Börjesson, Mats. 2021. The importance of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness for patients with heart failure. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 176: 108833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108833
Ly, Verena; Wang, Kainan S.; Bhanji, Jamil y Delgado, Mauricio R. 2019. A Reward-Based Framework of Perceived Control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13: 65. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00065
Messerli, F.H., Rimoldi, S.F. y Bangalore, S. 2017. The transition from hypertension to heart failure: contemporary update. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Heart Failure, 5(8): 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2017.04.012
Molina, Dora Inés; Chacón, José Arnoby; Esparza, Ángela Sofía y Botero, Sandra Milena. 2016. Depresión y riesgo cardiovascular en la mujer.øRevista Colombiana de Cardiología, 23(3): 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2015.11.004
Murberg, Terje A.; Bru, Edvin; Aarsland, Torbjørn y Svebak, Sven. 1998. Functional status and depression among men and women with congestive heart failure. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 28(3): 273-291. https://doi.org/10.2190/8TRC-PX8R-N498-7BTP
Ohtani, Tomohito; Mohammed, Selma F.; Yamamoto, Kazuhiro; Dunlay, Shannon M.; Weston, Susan A.; Sakata, Yashusi; Rodeheffer, Richard J.; Roger, Veronique L. y Redfield, Margaret M. 2012. Diastolic stiffness as assessed by diastolic wall strain is associated with adverse remodeling and poor outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Heart Journal, 33(14): 1742-1749. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs135
Organización Mundial de la Salud (consultado el 2 de marzo de 2022). COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide. https://www.who.int/news/item/02-03-2022-covid-19-pandemic-triggers-25-increase-in-prevalence-of-anxiety-and-depression-worldwide
Organización Mundial de la Salud (consultado el 25 de mayo de 2022). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
Organización Mundial de la Salud (consultado el 31 de marzo de 2023). Depressive disorder (depression). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Pandey, Ambarish; Omar, Wally; Ayers, Colby; LaMonte, Michael; Klein, Liviu; Allen, Norrina B.; Kuller, Lewis H.; Greenland, Philip; Eaton, Charles B.; Gottdiener John S.; Lloyd-Jones, Donald M. y Berry, Jarret D. 2018. Sex and race differences in lifetime risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation, 137(17): 1814-1823. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031622
Parker, Gordon y Brotchie, Heather. 2010. Gender differences in depression. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(5): 429-436. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.492391
Parker, Gordon y Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan. 2004. Is the female preponderance in major depression secondary to a gender difference in specific anxiety disorders? Psychological Medicine, 34(3): 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001181
Piepenburg, Sven M.; Faller, Hermann; Sto?rk, Stefan; Ertl, Georg y Angermann, Christiane E. 2019. Symptom patterns and clinical outcomes in women versus men with systolic heart failure and depression. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 108(3): 244-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-018-1348-6
Piña, Ileana L.; Di Palo, Katherine E. y Ventura, Héctor O. (2018). Psychopharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(20): 2346-2359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.458
Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera y Seeland, Ute. 2013. Sex and Gender Differences in Clinical Medicine. En Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera (ed.). Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology, 3-22. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_1
Sassarini, Jenifer. 2016. Depression in midlife women. Maturitas, 94: 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.09.004
Savarese, Gianluigi; Becher, Peter Moritz; Lund, Lars H.; Seferovic, Petar; Rosano, Giuseppe M.C. y Coats, Andrew J.S. 2022. Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology. Cardiovascular Research, 118(17): 3272-3287. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac013
Savji, Nazir; Meijers, Wouter C.; Bartz, Traci M.; Bhambhani, Vijeta; Cushman, Mary; Nayor, Matthew; Kizer, Jorge R.; Sarma, Amy; Blaha, Michael J.; Gansevoort, Ron T.; Gardin, Julius M.; Jillege, Hans L.; Ji, Fe; Kop, Willem J.; Lau, Emily S.; Lee, Douglas S.; Sadreyev, Rim van Gilst, Wiek H.; Wang, Thomas J.; Zanni, Markella V.; Vasan, Ramachandran S.; Allen, Norrina B.; Psaty, Bruce M.; van der Harst, Pim; Levy, Daniel, Larson, Marti; Shah, Sanjiv J.; de Boer, Rudolf A; Gottdiener, John S. y Ho, Jennifer E. 2018. The association of obesity and cardiometabolic traits with incident HFpEF and HFrEF. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Heart Failure, 6(8): 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.018
Schiller, Jeannine S.; Lucas, Jacqueline W.; Ward, Brian W. y Peregoy, Jennifer A. 2012. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics, 10(252): 1-207.
Serrano, Carlos V.; Setani, Karina Tiemi; Sakamoto, Erika; Andrei, Anna Maria y Fraguas, Rénerio. 2011. Association between depression and development of coronary artery disease: pathophysiologic and diagnostic implications. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 7: 159-164. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S10783
Shufelt, Chrisandra L.; Pacheco, Christine; Tweet, Marysia S. y Miller, Virginia M. 2018. Sex-specific physiology and cardiovascular disease. Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function, 1065: 433-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_27
Sokoreli, Ioanna, de Vries, Gert-Jan; Pauws, Steffen y Steyerberg, Ewout W. 2016. Depression and anxiety as predictors of mortality among heart failure patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Failure Reviews, 21(1): 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-015-9517-4
Song, Eun Kieung; Moser, Debra K. y Lennie, Terry A. 2009. Relationship of depressive symptoms to functional status in women with heart failure. American Journal of Critical Care, 18(4): 348-356. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2009450
Suthahar, Navin; Lau, Emily S.; Blaha, Michael J.; Paniagua, Samantha M.; Larson, Martin G.; Psaty, Bruce M.; Benjamin, Emelia J.; Allison, Matthew A.; Bartz, Traci M.; Januzzi Jr, James L.; Levy, Daniel; Meems, Laura M.G.; Bakker, Stephan J.L.; Lima, Joao A.C.; Cushman, Mary; Lee, Douglas S.; Wang, Thomas J.; deFilippi, Christopher R.; Herrington, David M.; Nayor, Matthew; Vasan, Ramachandran S.; Gardin, Julius M.; Kizer, Jorge R., Bertoni, Alain G.; Allen, Norrina B.; Gansevoort, Ron T.; Shah, Sanjiv J.; Gottdieber, John S.; Ho, Jennifer E. y de Boer, Rudolf A. 2020. Sex-specific associations of cardiovascular risk factors and biomarkers with incident heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(12): 1455-1465. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.044.
Triposkiadis, Filippos; Xanthopoulos, Andrew; Parissis, John; Butler, Javed y Farmakis, Dimitrios. 2022. Pathogenesis of chronic heart failure: cardiovascular aging, risk factors, comorbidities, and disease modifiers. Heart Failure Reviews, 27: 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-09987-z
van Riet, Evelien E.; Hoes, Arno W.; Wagenaar, Kim P.; Limburg, Alexander; Landman, Macel A.J. y Rutten, Frans H. 2016. Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. European Journal of Heart Failure, 18(3): 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.483
Zung, William W.K. 1965. A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12(1): 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008