“Y atravesó el Mar Inferior”. La dinastía acadia y su mirada a las costas del Golfo Pérsico
Mots-clés :
Dinastía acadia, Dilmun, Magan, Montañas Negras, Umm an Nar, Hili, cobre, diorita, comercio(c) Tous droits réservés ISIMU 2019
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Résumé
La primera mención que tenemos de la región de Magan en los textos Mesopotámicos aparece en época acadia, siempre asociada a las regiones de Dilmun y Meluhha. Mientras que regiones como Dilmun quedan ya consignadas en los textos Uruk o expresiones como “Mar Inferior” aparecen ya a finales del Dinástico Temprano, la región de Magan y lo que los textos acadios llamarán “Montañas Negras” no quedan recogidas hasta época acadia, en concreto desde el reinado de Maništušu. En este artículo vamos a hacer un recorrido por los textos mesopotámicos que nos hablan de Magan en época acadia, por los materiales que provienen de esas montañas (las actuales Montañas de al Hayyar) y por restos arqueológicos de la cultura Umm an Nar, contemporánea al mundo acadio en la Península de Omán. Entre ambos Acad y Magan, la región de Dilmun, intermediaria por excelencia, tendrá también cabida en nuestro estudio, por ser lugar obligatorio de trasvase de los materiales, los objetos y las ideas que circularon por el Golfo Pérsico en la segunda mitad del III milenio a.C.
Téléchargements
Références
ABDUL-HADI AL-FOUADI
“Bassetki Statue with Old Akkadian Inscription of Naram-Sin of Agade (B.C. 2291-2255)”, Sumer 32, pp. 63-75.
BEECH, M.
“Archaeobotanical evidence for Early Date consumption in the Arabian Gulf”, en J. S. al Swaidi (dir.), The Date Palm. From traditional Resource to Green Wealth, Abu Dhabi, pp. 11-32.
BEGEMANN, F. ET AL.
“Lead isotope and chemical signature of copper from Oman and its occurrence in Mesopotamia and sites on the Arabian Gulf coast”, AAE 21, pp. 135-169.
BOISSIER, A.
“Inscription de Narâm-Sin”, RA 16, pp. 157-164.
del CERRO, C.
“La península de Omán: sociedad y usos del entorno en los oasis de la antigua Magan”, Isimu 10, pp. 239-254.
“Gran rey, rey del mundo, rey de Asiria... ¿Rey de reyes de las tierras de Dilmun,
Magan y Meluḫḫa?”, Isimu 16, pp. 47-64.
CLEUZIOU, S.
-79 Archeologie aux Emirats Arabs Unis. Vol I-III, Al-Ain.
“Économie et société de la Penínsule d’Oman au IIIe millénaire; le rôle des analogies interculturelles”, Colloques internationaux du CNRS 580, pp. 342-359.
a “Excavations at Hili 8; a preliminary report on the 4th and 7th campaigns”, Archaeology in the United Arab Emirates V, pp. 61-87 y figs. 9-35a.
b “The chronology of protohistoric Oman as seen from Hili”, en P. Costa y M. Tosi (eds.), Oman Studies. Serie Orientale Roma 63, Roma, pp. 47-78.
“Enjeux et Perspectives de la Recherche Archéologique dans la Péninsule Arabique, de la Fin de la Préhistoire à l'Âge du Bronze”, Isimu 1, pp. 43-62.
CLEUZIOU S. y MÉRY S.
“In between the great Powers in the Bronze Age Oman Peninsula”, en S. Cleuziou et al. (eds.), Essays on the late Prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula, Serie Orientale Roma 93, Roma, pp. 273-316.
CLEUZIOU, S., MÉRY, S. y VOGT, B.
Protohistorie de l’oasis d’Al-Ain, Travaux de la Mission archéologique française à Abou Dhabi (Emirats Arabes Unis). BAR International Series 2227, Oxford.
CLEUZIOU S. y TOSI M.
In the shadow of ancestors. The prehistoric foundations of the early Arabian civilization in Oman, Muscat.
CÓRDOBA, J.Mª. (Coord.)
En los confines del Oriente Próximo El hallazgo moderno del país de Magán Veinte años de descubrimientos del Departamento de Antigüedades de Sharjah, la comunidad científica internacional y la misión de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid en Sharjah (Emiratos Árabes Unidos), Madrid.
COSTA, P.M. y WILKINSON, T.J.
a “Settlement and Copper Exploitation in the ’Arja area”, JOS 9, pp. 93-131. 1987b “The Environmental Setting of the Sohar Region”, JOS 9, pp. 23-33.
CRAWFORD, H. E. W.
“Mesopotamia's Invisible Exports in the Third Millennium B.C.”, World Archaeology 5/2, pp. 232-241.
EDZARD, D.O., FARBER G. y SOLLBERGER, E.
Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes I. TAVO Reihe 13, 7/1, Wiesbaden.
ENGLUND, R.
“Dilmun in the Archaic Uruk Corpus”, BBVO 2, pp. 35-37.
FAISAL BIN ALI AL SAID
“The Environmental Setting of the Sohar Region”, JOS 9, pp. 30-33.
FRAYNE, D.
The royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia early periods, volume 2. Sargonic and Gutian periods (2334-2113 BC), London.
FRIFELT, K.
a “A possible link between Jemdet Nasr and the Umm an-Nar graves of Oman”,
JOS 1, pp. 57-80.
b “On Prehistoric Settlement and Chronology of the Oman Peninsula” East and.
West 25, pp. 359-424.
The island of Umm an-Nar, vol I: third millennium graves. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications, 26/1, Copenhagen.
The island of Umm an-Nar, vol II: the third millennium settlement. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications, 26/2, Copenhagen.
FOSTER B.R.
“Commercial activity in sargonic Mesopotamia”, Iraq 39, pp. 31-43. 1990 “Naram-Sin in Martu and Magan”, ARRIM 8, pp. 25-44.
The Age of Agade Inventing Empire in ancient Mesopotamia, Oxon-New York.
GLASSNER, J.J.
“Mesopotamian textual evidence on Magan/Makan in the late 3rd Millennium BC”, en P. Costa y M, Tosi (ed.), Oman studies. Papers on the archaeology and history of Oman, Serie Orientale Roma 63, pp. 181-191.
GRAYSON, A.K.
Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Winona Lake.
GLEB I.J. y KIENAST, B.
Die Altakkdischen Königsinschriften der Dritten Jahrtausends Vor. Chr., FAOS
, Stuttgart.
GOODENOUGH, K. M. ET AL.
“Records of Ocean Growth and Destruction in the Oman–UAE Ophiolite”, Elements 10, pp. 109-114.
HASTINGS, A., HUMPHRIES J.H. y MEADOW, R.H.
“Oman in the Third Millennium BCE”, JOS 1, pp. 9-55.
HAUPTMANN, A.
5000 Jahre Kupfer in Oman. Band 1: Die Entwicklung der Kupfermetallurgie vom 3. Jahrtausend bis zur Neuzeit Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 4, Bochum.
HAUPTMANN A. y WEISGERBER G.
“Third millenium BC copper production in Oman”, Revue d'Archéométrie 1, pp.
-138.
HEIMPEL W.
“A first step in the diorite question”, RA 76, pp. 67-67.
HUMPHRIES, J.H.
“Harvard Archaeological survey in Oman: II- Some later prehistoric sites in the Sultanate de Oman”, PSAS 4, pp. 49-77.
KUTTERER J. y JASIM S.A.
“First report on the copper-smelting site HLO-1 in Wādī al-Ḥilo, UAE”, PSAS
, pp. 245–254.
JASIM S.A. y YOUSIF E.
“Bronze Age Tombs from Jebel Faya, Emirate of Sharjah”, Sharjah Archaeology
, pp. 8-17.
JASIM, S.A., UERPMANN M. y. UERPMANN, H.P.
Mleiha: the unwritten History. Sharjah.
MAGEE, P.
The Archaeology of Arabian Peninsula. Adaptation and Social Formation from Neolithic to the Iron Age, Cambridge.
MAGEE, P. ET AL.
“Report on Excavations at Tell Abraq, Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 2010-2013”, Sharjah Antiquities 14, pp. 5-29.
MAÑÉ, M.
La arqueología de la muerte en la península de Oman (III mil. a.C.) Prácticas y creencias en la región del Piedemonte, Supplementa ad Isimu. I Series: Sudia vol 3, Madrid.
MÉRY, S.
“Origine et production des récipients de terre cuite dans la péninsule d’Oman à l’Âge du Bronze”, Paléorient 17, pp. 51-78.
“La céramique Mésopotamienne de Période Hafit” en S. Méry (ed.), Les céramiques d’Oman et l’Asie moyenne. Une archéologie des échanges à l’Âge du Bronze. Monographies du CNRS 23, Paris, pp. 170-189.
MÉRY, S. y TENGBERG, M.
“Food for eternity? The analysis of a date offering from a 3rd Millennium BC grave at Hili N, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)”, Journal of Archaeological Science 36, pp. 2012-2017.
MOOREY, P.R.S.
“The archaeological evidence for metallurgy and related technologies in Mesopotamia” Iraq 44, pp. 13-38.
MUHAMMED ABDUL NAYEEM
The United Arab Emirates, Hyderabad.
NYLANDER, C.
“Earless in Nineveh: Who Mutilated "Sargon's" Head?” AJA 84/3, pp. 329-333.
PEAKE, H.
“The Copper Mountain of Magan”, Antiquity 2, pp. 452-457.
PETTINATO, G.
“El commercio con l'estero della Mesopotamia meridionale nel 3 millenio av. Cr, alla luce delle fonti letterarie e lessicali sumeriche”, Mesopotamia 7, pp. 43-166.
POTTS D.T.
“Towards an Integrated History of Culture Change in the Arabian Gulf Area: Notes on Dilmun, Makkan and the Economy of Ancient Sumer”, JOS 4, pp. 29-51.
“Eastern Arabia and the Oman peninsula during the late fourth and early third millennium BC”, en U. Finkbeiner y W. Röllig (eds.), Gamdat Nasr: Period or Regional Style?, Wiesbaden, pp. 121-170.
a “The chronology of archaeological assemblages from the head of the Arabian Gulf to the Arabian Sea (8000-1750 BC)”, en R. W. Ehrich (ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Chapter IV, Chicago, pp. 63-89.
b The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity. Vol 1, Oxford.
a “The Late Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Early Historic Periods in Eastern Arabia (ca. 5000-1200 B.C.)”, Journal of World Prehistory 7/2, pp. 163-212.
b “Four seasons of excavation at Tell Abraq (1989-1993)”, PSAS 23, pp. 117-126. 1994a Mesopotamian and the east. An Archaeological and Historical Study of Foreign
relations 3400-2000 BC, Oxford.
b The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity. Vol I. From Prehistory to the Fall of the
Achaemenid Empire, Oxford.
c “Contributions to the agrarian history of Eastern Arabia II. The cultivar”, AAE
, pp. 236-275.
Ancient Magan, The Secrets of Tell Abraq. London-Abu Dhabi.
“Date palms and date consumption in Eastern Arabia during the Bronze Age’, en J.S. al Swaidi (dir.), The Date Palm. From traditional Resource to Green Wealth, Abu Dhabi, pp. 33-50.
RICE, M.
The archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. 5000-323 B.C., London.
SOLLBERGER, E.
, Inscriptions Royales Sumeriennes et Akkadiennes, Paris.
AL TIKRITI, W.Y.
Archaeology of Umm an-Nar island: 1959-2009, Abu Dhabi.
THUREAU-DAGIN, F. ET AL.
Inventaire des tablettes de Tello conservées au Musée Impérial Ottoman (ITT) I, Paris. 1912 Inventaire des tablettes de Tello conservées au Musée Impérial Ottoman (ITT)
II, Paris.
TOSI, M.
“Notes on the Distribution and Exploitation of Natural Resources in Ancient Oman”, JOS 1, pp. 187-206.
UERPMANN M. y UERPMANN, H.P.
“Animal economy during the Early Bronze Age in South-East Arabia” en E. Vila et al. (eds.), Archaeozoology of the Near East 8, TMO, 49, Lyon, pp. 146-185.
VOGT, B.
“The Umm an Nar Tomb A at Hili North: a preliminary report on three seasons of excavation, 1982-1984”, Archaeology of Unites Arab Emirates 4, pp. 20-37.
WEEKS, L.R.
“Prehistoric Metallurgy at Tell Abraq, U.A.E”, AAE 8, pp. 11-85.
Pre-Islamic Metallurgy of the Gulf, Technology, trade and the Bronze Age World. American School of Prehistoric Research Monograph series, Boston/Leiden.
WEISGERBER, G.
“Evidence of Ancient Mining Sites in Oman: a Preliminary Report”, JOS 4, pp. 15-28, Taf. 11a-26.
“Archaeological Evidence of Copper Exploitation at ’Arja”, JOS 9, pp. 145-172.
WEISGERBER, G. y YULE, P.
“Al-Aqir near Bahlā’ an Early Bronze Age dam site with planoconvex ‘copper’ ingots”, AAE 14, pp. 24-53.
WESTENHOLZ J.G.
Legends of the Kings of Akkade. The Texts, Winona Lake.
YULE P., y GUBA, I.
“Did the Ancient Mesopotamian Royal Stone Originate in Oman?”, Adumatu, 4 pp. 41-52.
ZIOLKOWSKI, M.C.
“The Soft Stone Vessels from Sharm, Fujeirah, United Arab Emirates”, AAE 12, pp. 25-30.