Vol. 47 Núm. 2 (2021): Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Artículos

No lejos de los límites de la cultura del norte de Uruk en el Medio-Alto Éufrates: Los niveles del Calcolítico Final de Surtepe (Birecik, Sureste de Turquía)

Publicado diciembre 21, 2021

Palabras clave:

Mesopotamia, Uruk Final, Calcolítico Final 5, Conflicto, Reserved slip jar, Squat-lugged jar, Tablillas con signos numéricos, Ídolos oculados, Glíptica
Cómo citar
Gil Fuensanta, J., Mederos Martín, A., & Muminov, O. U. . (2021). No lejos de los límites de la cultura del norte de Uruk en el Medio-Alto Éufrates: Los niveles del Calcolítico Final de Surtepe (Birecik, Sureste de Turquía). Cuadernos De Prehistoria Y Arqueología De La Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, 47(2), 39–82. https://doi.org/10.15366/cupauam2021.47.2.002

Resumen

La Expansión Uruk que tuvo lugar durante varias fases a lo largo del IV milenio a.C., se desarrolló también en el Norte de Mesopotamia. En la zona de Birecik, en el este de Turquía, al borde del Éufrates, se han descubierto diversos lugares arqueológicos, que presentan las diferentes fases de expansión de la cultura Uruk. Centramos este estudio en el yacimiento de Surtepe, un asentamiento de 8 ha, donde hemos distinguido un posible edificio ritual del Calcolítico Tardío 5, en una fase que consideramos Terminal Uruk dentro de la cronología de esta cultura mesopotámica.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Algaze, G. (ed.) (1990): Town and Country in Southeastern Anatolia. II. The Stratigraphic Sequence at Kurban Höyük. Oriental Institute Publications, 110. Chicago Oriental Institute. University of Chicago. Chicago.

Algaze, G. (1993): The Uruk World System. The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago-London.

Algaze, G. (1993/2004): El Sistema Mundial Uruk. Bellaterra. Barcelona.

Algaze, G. (2001): “Initial Social Complexity in Southwestern Asia. The Mesopotamian Advantage”. Current Anthropology, 42 (2): 199-233.

Algaze, G., Brueninger, R. and Kundstad, J. (1994): “The Tigris-Euphrates Archaeological Reconnaissance Project Final Report of the Birecik and Carchemish Dam Survey Areas”. Anatolica, 20: 1-26.

Alizadeh, A. (2008): Chogha Mish, Volume II. The Development of a Prehistoric Regional Center in Lowland Susiana, Southwestern Iran: Final Report on the Last Six Seasons of Excavations, 1972–1978. Oriental Institute Publications, 130. Chicago University Press. Chicago.

Amiet, P. (1980): La glyptique mesopotamienne archaique. Editions Recherche sur les Civilizations. Paris.

Amiran, R. (1981): “Some Observations on Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Sanctuaries and Religion”. In A. Biran (ed.): Temples and High Places in Biblical Times. Jerusalem: 47-53.

Behm-Blancke, M.R. (ed.) (1992): Hassek Hüyük. Naturwissenschaftliche untersuchungen und lithische industrie. Ernsnt Wasmuth. Tübingen.

Benati, G. (2018): “The Construction of Large-scale Networks in Late Chalcolithic Mesopotamia: Emergent Political Institutions and Their Strategies”. D. Domenici y N. Marchetti (eds.): Urbanized Landscapes in Early Syro-Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mesoamerica Papers of a Cross-Cultural Seminar held in Honor of Robert McCormick Adams (Bologna, 2016). Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden: 103-143.

Boese, J. (1987): “Excavations at Tell Sheikh Hassan. Preliminary Report on the 1987 Campaign in the Euphrates Valley”. Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes, 36-37: 67-100.

Boese, J. (1988): Excavations at Tell Sheikh Hassan. Preliminary Report on the 1988 Campaign in the Euphrates Valley”. Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes, 38-39: 158-189.

Boese, J. (1994): Ausgraben in Tell Sheikh Hassan I: Vorläufige Berichte über Grabungskampagnen 1984-1990 und 1992-1994. Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag. Berlin.

Boehmer, R.M. (1998): Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka. Endberichte. 24. Älteste archaische Rollsiegelglyptik. R.M. Boehmer (Hrsg.). Philipp von Zabern. Mainz.

Brandes, M.A. (1979): Siegelabrollungen aus den Archaischen Bauschichten in Uruk Warka. Franz Steiner Verlag. Wiesbaden.

Butterlin, P. (1998): “Espaces urukéens en Syrie: problèmes de cartographie et de méthodologie”. In Espace naturel, espace habité en Syrie du Nord (10e-2e millénaires av. J.-C.) (Québec, 1997). Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 28. Lyon: 149-166.

Butterlin, P. (1999): “Les modalités du contact: chronologie et espaces de l'expansion urukéenne dans le secteur de Birecik”. En G. Stein (ed.): The Uruk expansion: Northern perspectives from Hacinebi, Hassek höyük et Gawra (Seattle, 1998). Paléorient, 25 (1): 127-137.

Butterlin, P. (2012): “Les caracteristiques de l’espace monumental dans le monde urukeen, de la metropole aux colonies”. Origini, 24: 171-191.

Butterlin, P. (2015): “Late Chalcolithic Mesopotamia, Towards a Definition of Sacred Space and Its Evolution”. In N. Laneri (ed.): Defining the sacred, Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient Near East. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 60-72.

Butterlin, P. (2018a): “Princes marchands d’Uruk? L’expansion urukéenne en question (Études pro-urbaines 5)”. D. Domenici y N. Marchetti (eds.): Urbanized Landscapes in Early Syro-Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mesoamerica Papers of a Cross-Cultural Seminar held in Honor of Robert McCormick Adams (Bologna, 2016). Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden: 71-101.

Butterlin, P. (2018b): Architecture et société au Proche-Orient ancien. Les bâtisseurs de mémoire en Mesopotamie (7000-3000 avant J-C). Les manuels d’art et d’archéologie antiques. A. & J. Picard. Paris.

Can, ?. (2018): Continuity and Change: An Annales approach to the Late Chalcolithic to the Late Chalcolithic period in North Mesopotamia. Master’s Thesis. Department of Archaeology. ?hsan Do?ramac? Bilkent University. Ankara.

Charvát, P. (1988): “Archaeology and social History: The Susa Sealings, Ca. 4000-2340 B.C.”. Paléorient, 14 (1): 57-63.

Charvát, P. (1993): Ancient Mesopotamia. Humankind’s Long Journey into Civilization. Dissertationes Orientales, 47. Oriental Institute. Prague.

Charvát, P. (2005): The Iconography of Pristine Statehood: Painted Pottery and Seal Impressions from Susa, Southwestern Iran. Charles University in Prague. Karolinum Press. Prague.

Crivelli, E. and Gil Fuensanta, J. (2008): “Observaciones sobre la tecnología lítica de Surtepé (alto Éufrates) en el Calcolítico Final/Edad del Bronce”. III Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Histórica (Rosario, Argentina, 2006): Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Rosario: 241-249.

Delougaz, P. (1952): Pottery from the Diyala Region. The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications, 63. Chicago University Press. Chicago.

Delougaz, P. and Kantor H. (1996): Choga Mish. Vols. 1-2. The First Five Seasons of Excavations, 1961-1971. A. Alizadeh (ed.). Oriental Institute Publications, 101. Chicago University Press. Chicago.

Dreyer, G. (1992): “Recent Discoveries at Abydos Cemetery U”. In E.C.M. van den Brink (ed.): The Nile delta in transition: 4th–3rd millennium BC (Cairo, 1990). The Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies, Tel Aviv: 293-299.

Dreyer, G. (1993): “Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im Frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 5/6 Vorbericht”. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts für Agystische Altertumskunde, Kairo, 49: 23-62.

Emberling, G. (2002): “Political Control in an Early State: The Eye Temple and the Uruk Expansion in Northern Mesopotamia”. In L. Al-Ghaliani Werr, J. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, J. Oates and J. Reade (eds.): Of Pots and Plans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria Presented to David Oates in Honor of his 75th Birthday. Nabu Publications. London: 82-90.

Emberling, G. and McDonald, H. (2003): “Excavations at Tell Brak 2001-2002: Preliminary Report”. Iraq, 65: 1-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200533

Emery, W.B. (1991): Archaic Egypt. Culture and Civilization in Egypt five thousand years ago. Penguin. London.

Esin, U. (1989): “An Early Trading Center in Eastern Anatolia”. En K. Emre (ed.): Anatolia and the Ancient Near East: Studies in honour of Tahsin Özgüc. TTK. Ankara: 35-41.

Finkbeiner, Uwe and Röllig, W. (eds.) (1986): Gamdat Nasr: Period or Regional Style? Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, No. 62. Dr. Ludwig Riechert Verlag. Wiesbaden.

Finet, A. (1975): “Les temples sumériens du Tell Kannâs”. Syria, 52: 157-174.

Finet, A. (1979): “Bilan provisoire des fouilles belges du Tell Kannâs”. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 44: 79-95.

Finet, A. et alii (1983): Lorsque la royauté descendit du ciel... Les fouilles belges du Tell Kannâs sur l’Euphrat en Syrie. Catálogo Exposition (Mariemont-Louvan-la-Neuve, 1983). Museé Royal de Mariemont. Morlanwelz.

Forest, J.D. (1999): Les premiers temples de Mésopotamie. British Archaeological Reports International Series, 765. Archeopress. Oxford.

Forest, J.D. y Vallet, R. (2008): “Uruk architecture from abroad: Some thoughts about Hassek Höyük”. En J.M.ª Córdoba, M. Molist, M.ª C. Pérez Díaz, I. Rubio, S. Martínez Lillo (eds.): 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Madrid, 2006). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid: 39-53.

Frangipane, M. (1997): “A 4th-millennium temple/palace complex at Arslantepe-Malatya. North-South relations and the formation of early state societies in the Northern regions of Greater Mesopotamia”. Paléorient, 23 (1): 45-73.

Frangipane, M. (2006): “The Arslantepe ‘royal tomb’: new funerary customs and political changes in the Upper Euphrates Valley at the beginning of the third millennium BC”. In G. Bartoloni and M.G. Benedettini (eds.): Buried among the living. Università degli studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’. Rome: 169-194.

Frangipane, M. (2010): “Late Chalcolithic developments and the transition to EB I in the Turkish Middle Euphrates Valley, as seen from the recent excavations at Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük (Urfa)”. En P. Matthiae, F. Pinnock, L. Nigro, N. Marchetti (eds.): 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Roma, 2008). I. Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden: 186-203.

Frangipane, M. and Palmieri, A. (1992): “Aspects of centralization in the Late Uruk Period in Mesopotamian periphery”. Origini, 14 (2), 1988-89 (1992): 539-560.

Gerber, J.C. (2005). Hassek Höyük III: Die frühbronzezeitliche Keramik. Istanbuler Forschungen, 47. E. Wasmuth. Tübingen-Istanbul.

Gil Fuensanta, J. (1996): “La casa tripartita en el Éufrates”. Boletín Asociación Española de Amigos de la Arqueología, 36: 11-22.

Gil Fuensanta, J. y Charvàt, P. (2005): “Halafians and Ubaidians: The Case of Tilbes Höyük in Birecik (Southeastern Turkey)”. In H.W. van Soldt, R. Kalvelagen and D. Katz (eds.): Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia. 48th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Leiden, 2002). Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. Leiden: 123-133.

Gil Fuensanta, J.; Charvàt, P. and Crivelli, E. (2008): “The dawn of a city: Surtepe Höyük excavations, Birecik Dam Area, Eastern Turkey”. In J.M.ª Córdoba, M. Molist, M.ª C. Pérez, I. Rubio y S. Martínez (eds.): 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Madrid, 2006). II. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid: 97-112.

Gil Fuensanta, J.; Mederos, A. and Muminov, O.U. (2019): “Early Bronze Age I-III shrines and burial rites at Tilbes Höyük, Southeastern Turkey”. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 45: 51-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/cupauam2019.45.003

Gil Fuensanta, J.; Mederos, A. and Muminov, O.U. (2020): “On The Post-Ubaid stratigraphy and complex architecture of the Birecik Dam Area (Turkish Euphrates): Surtepe and Tilbes-Körche Late Chalcolithic 1 levels”. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 45: 51-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/cupauam2020.46.001

Hassan, F.A. (1988): “The Predynastic of Egypt”. Journal of World Prehistory, 2 (2): 135-185.

Haussig, H.W. (ed.) (1965): Wörterbuch der Mythologie, I, Abteilung: Die alten Kulturvölker. Band Erste 1. Götter und Mythem im Vorderen Orient. Ernst Klett Verlag. Stuttgart: 40-41

Heinrich, E. (1982): Die Tempel und Heiligtümer im Alten Mesopotamien. I-II. Denkmäler Antiker Architektur. Walter De Gruyter. Berlin.

Heinrich, E.; Strommenger, E.; Frank, D. and Ludwig, W. (1973): “Vierter vorläufiger Bericht über die von der DOG mit Mitteln der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk in Habuba Kebira und in Mumbaqat unternommenen archäologischen Untersuchungen erstattet von Mitgliedern der Mission”. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient Gesellschaft, 105: 5-68.

Helwing, B. (1999): “Cultural Interaction at Hassek Hoyuk, Turkey. New Evidence from Pottery Analysis”. En G. Stein (ed.): The Uruk expansion: Northern perspectives from Hacinebi, Hassek höyük et Gawra (Seattle, 1998). Paleorient, 25 (1): 91-99.

Helwing, B. (2000): “Regional variation in the composition of Late Chalcolithic pottery assemblages”. In Chronologies des pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe-IIIe millénaires. From the Euphrates to the Caucasus (Istanbul, 1998). Varia Anatolica. Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes. Istanbul: 145-164.

Helwing, B. (2002): Hassek Höyük II: Die Spatchalkolithische Keramik. Istanbuler Forschungen, 45. Ernst Wasmuth Verlag. Tübingen.

Hole, F. (2001): “A radiocarbon chronology for the middle Khabur, Syria”. Iraq, 63: 67-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200502

Kemp, B.J. (1967): “The Egyptian 1st Dynasty Royal Cemetery”. Antiquity, 41: 22-32.

Kempinski, A. (1992): “Fortifications, Public Buildings and Town Planning in the Early Bronze Age”. In A. Kempinski and R. Reich (eds.): The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to Persian Periods. Israel Exploration Society. Jerusalem: 68-80.

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. (1970): Excavations at Tepe Yahya, Iran 1967-1975. I. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass.

Lawrence, D.; Philip, G.; Wilkinson, K.; Buylaert, J.P.; Murray, A.S.; Thompson, W. and Wilkinson, T.J. (2017): “Regional power and local ecologies: Accumulated population trenes and human impacts in the northern Fertile Crescent”. Quaternary International, 437: 60-81.

Lawrence, D. and Ricci, A. (2016): “Long-term settlement trends in the Birecik-Carchemish Sectors”. In T.J. Wilkinson, E. Peltenburg and E.B. Wilkinson (eds.): Carchemish in context. The land of Carchemish Project, 2006–2010. Oxbow Books. Oxford/Philadelphia: 132-183.

Lenzen, H. (1963): Vorläufiger Bericht über die vom dem Deutschen Archäologischen Institut un der Deutschen OrientGesellschaft aus Mittlen der Deutschen Forschunggemeinschaft unternommenen Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka. XIX. Winter 1960-61. Gebr. Mann. Berlin.

Lorton, D. (1987): “Why 'Menes'?”. Varia Aegyptiaca, 3: 33-38.

Mackay, E. (1931): Report on excavations at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq. Field Museum-Oxford University joint expedition. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Memoirs, vol. 1, no. 3. Berthold Laufer-Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago.

Mallowan, M.E.L. (1947): “Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar”. Iraq, 9: 1-266. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021088900006161

Mazzoni, S. (1980): “Appunti sulla diffusione della ceramica «Reserved Slip» in Mesopotamia e in Siria”. Egitto e Vicino Oriente, 3: 241-258.

Meijer, D.J.W. (1986): A Survey in Northeastern Syria. Nederlands Historisch-Archeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Istanbul.

Montero Fenollós, J.L. (2012): “La expansion de la cultura de Uruk en el Medio Éufrates Sirio. Reflexiones sobre un modelo colonial arcaico”. En J.R. Muñiz (ed.): Ad Orientem. Del final del Paleolítico en el norte de España a las primeras civilizaciones del Oriente Próximo. Universidad de Oviedo-Ménsula Ediciones. Oviedo: 447-461.

Moorey, P.R.S. (1976): “The Late Prehistoric Administrative Building at Jamdat Nasr”. Iraq, 38: 95-106. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200033

Needler, W. (1984): Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum. The Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, New York.

Oates, J. and Oates, D. (1997): “An Open Gate. Cities of the Fourth Millennium B.C. (Tell Brak 1997)”. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 7 (2): 287-307. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774300001980

Özbal, H.; Adriaens, A.M. and Earl, B. (1999): “Hacinebi Metal Production and Exchange”. En G. Stein (ed.): The Uruk expansion: Northern perspectives from Hacinebi, Hassek höyük et Gawra (Seattle, 1998). Paléorient, 25 (1): 57-66.

Özbal, H. and Turan, Ü (2002): “Tilbe? Höyük ve Surtepe: M.Ö. 3. Biny?lda Güneydo?u Anadolu Metalurjisi”. 17 Arkeometri Sonuçlari Toplantisi. An?tlar ve Muzeler Genel Müdürlü?ü Yay?nlar?. Ankara: 59-70.

Özdogan, M. (1977): Lower Euphrates Basin, 1977 Survey. Lower Euphrates Project Publications Series, 1. Istambul.

Özgüç, N. (1992): “The Uruk Culture at Samsat”. In B. Hrouda, S. Kroll and P. Spanos (eds.): Von Uruk nach Tuttul. Profil Verlag, Munich: 151-165.

Petrie, W.M.F. (1900): The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties. 1900. Part I. The Egypt Exploration Fund, Memoir 21. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. London.

Pittman, H. (2001): “Mesopotamian Intraregional Relations Reflected through Glyptic Evidence in the Late Chalcolithic Periods”. In M.S. Rothman, (ed.): Uruk Mesopotamia and its Neighbors (Santa Fe, 1998). School of American Research Advances Seminar Series. Santa Fe: 403-443.

Reichel, C. (2007): “Hamoukar”, Oriental Institute Annual Report, 2005-2006: 65-77.

Reichel, C. (2012): “Hamoukar”. Oriental Institute Annual Report, 2011-2012: 69-76.

Rothman, M.S. (ed.) (2001): Uruk Mesopotamia and its Neighbors (Santa Fe, 1998). School of American Research Advances Seminar Series. Santa Fe.

Rothman, M.S. (2002): Tepe Gawra. The Evolution of a Small, Prehistoric Center in Northeastern Iraq. University of Pennsylvania Museum Monograph, 112. Philadelphia.

Saygili, B. (in press): Bati Anadolu Mermer Idoller. Draft Paper. Bilecik üniversitesi.

Savage, S.H. (1997): “Descent group competition and economic strategies in Predynastic Egypt”. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 16: 226-268. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaar.1997.0312

Savage, S.H. (2001): “Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt”, Journal of Archaeological Research, 9 (2): 101-155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016652709577

Sievertsen, U. (2010): “Buttress-Recess Architecture and Status Symbolism in the Ubaid Period”. In R. Carter and G. Philip (eds.): Beyond the Ubaid. Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Durham, 2006). Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, 63. Chicago University Press, Chicago: 201-226.

Stein, G. (1998): “World System Theory and Alternative Modes of Interaction in the Archaeology of Culture Contact”. In J.G. Cusick (ed.): Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology (Carbondale, 1995). Southern Illinois University. Carbondale: 220-255.

Stein, G. (1999a): “1997 Excavations at Hacinebi”. XX Kazi Sonuclari Toplantisi (Tarsus, 1998). I. Ankara: 183-203.

Stein, G.J. (1999b): “Material Culture and Social Identity: The Evidence for a 4th Millennium BC Mesopotamia Uruk Colony at Hacinebi, Turkey”. En G. Stein (ed.): The Uruk expansion: Northern perspectives from Hacinebi, Hassek höyük et Gawra (Seattle, 1998). Paléorient, 25 (1): 11-22.

Stein, G.J. (1999c): Rethinking World-Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. University of Arizona Press. Tucson.

Stein, G. (2001): “Indigenous Social Complexity at Hacinebi (Turkey) and the Organization of Uruk Colonial Contact”. En M.S. Rothman (ed.): Uruk Mesopotamia and its Neighbors (Santa Fe, 1998). School of American Research Advances Seminar Series. Santa Fe: 265-305.

Stein, G. (2012): “The Development of Indigenous Social Complexity in Late Chalcolithic Upper Mesopotamia in the 5th-4th Millennia BC-An Initial Assessment”. Origini, 34: 125-151.

Stein, G.J.; Bernbeck, R.; Coursey, C.; McMahon, A.; Miller, N.; Misir, A.; Nicola, J.; Pittman, H.; Pollock, S. and Wright, H.T. (1996): “Uruk colonies and Anatolian Communities: An Interim Report on the 1992-1993 excavations at Hacinebi, Turkey”. American Journal of Archaeology, 100: 205-260. https://doi.org/10.2307/506903

Stein, G. and Edens, C. (1999): “Hacinebi and the Uruk Expansion: Additional Comments”. En G. Stein (ed.): The Uruk expansion: Northern perspectives from Hacinebi, Hassek höyük et Gawra. Paléorient, 25 (1): 169-171.

Stein, G.; Edens, C.; Miller, N.; Özbal, H.; Pearce, J. and Pittman, H. (1996b): “Hacinebi, Turkey: Preliminary report on the 1995 excavations”. Anatolica, 22: 85-128.

Stein, G. and Misir, A. (1994): “Mesopotamian-Anatolian Interaction at Hacinebi, Turkey: Preliminary Report on the 1992 Excavations”. Anatolica, 20: 145-189.

Steve M.-J. and Gasche H. (1990): “Le tell de l’Apadana avant les Achéménides: contribution à la topographie de Suse”. In F. Vallat (ed.): Contribution à l’histoire de l’Iran. Mélanges offerts à Jean Perrot. Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. Paris: 15-60.

Strommenger, E. (1980): Habuba Kabira, eine Stadt vor 5000 Jahren. Phillip von Zabern. Mainz.

Sumner, V.W. (1985): “The proto-elamite city of Tall-i-Malyan”. Iran, 23: 153-161. https://doi.org/10.2307/4299758

Sürenhagen, D. (1978): Untersuchungen zur Keramikproduktion innerhalb der Spat Urukzeitlichen Siedlung Habuba Kabira- Siid in Nordsyrien. Verlag Bruno Hessling. Berlin.

Sürenhagen, D. (1986): “The Dry Farming Belt: The Uruk Period and Subsequent Developments”. In H. Weiss (ed.): The Origins of Cities. Four Quarters Publishing. Guilford, Connecticut: 7-43

Trentin, M.G. (1993): “The Early Reserved-Slip Wares Horizon of the Upper Euphrates Basin and Western Iran”. In M. Frangipane, H. Hauptmann, M. Liverani, P. Matthiae and M. Mellink (eds.): Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains. Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata. Roma: 177-199.

Tunca, Ö. (1990): “'Temple' ou 'bâtiment de prestige'? A propos des temples des périodes 'El-Obed et d'Uruk, et des donnés ethnoarchéologiques”. In Ö. Tunca (ed.): De la Babylonie à la Syrie, en passant par Mari. Mélanges offerts a? Monsieur J.-R. Kupper a? l'occasion de son 70e anniversaire. Université de Liège. Liège: 263-269.

van As, A. (1987): Het Pottenbakkersambach in het Oude Syrië. Een Technologische Studie van Aardewerk uit het Tabqa-Gebied in Noordwest-Syrë en Een Beschouwing over Aardewerktypologie. PhD Thesis. Universiteit van Amsterdam. Amsterdam.

van Driel, G. (1980): “The Uruk Settlement on Jebel Aruda: A Preliminary Report”. En J.C.Margueron (ed.): Le moyen Euphrate (Strasbourg, 1980). E.J.Brill. Leiden: 75-93.

van Driel, G. (1982): “Tablets from Jebel Aruda”. In G. van Driel et al. (eds.): Zikir Sumim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. Kraus. Brill. Leiden: 12-25.

van Loon, M. (ed.) (1988): Hammam et-Turkman I. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. Istanbul

Verhoeven, M. (2000): “Death, fire and abandonment Ritual practice at late neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria”. Archaeological Dialogues, 7 (1): 46-65.

Wasilewska, E. (1993): “Organization and Meaning of Sacred Space in Prehistoric Anatolia”. In J. Quaegebeur (ed.): Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East. Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Orientalistiek. Leuven: 471-500.

Weiss, H. and Young, Th.C. Jr. (1975): “The merchants of Susa; Godin V and plateau lowland relations in the late fourth millenium B.C.”. Iran, 12: 1-17.

Wilkinson, T. (1999): Early Dynastyc Egypt. Routledge. London-New York.

Wilkinson, T. (2000): “Political Unification: towards a Reconstruction”. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, 56: 377-395.

Wilkinson, T.J.; Galiatsatos, N.; Lawrence, D.; Ricci, A.; Dunford, R. and Philip, G. (2012): “Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Landscapes of Settlement and Mobility in the Middle Euphrates: A Reassessment”. Levant, 44 (2): 139-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0075891412Z.0000000007

Williams, B. (1988): Decorated Pottery and the Art of Naqada III. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien, 45. Deutscher Kunstverlag. Munich.

Woolley, C.L. (1955): Ur Excavations. Vol. IV. The Early Periods. A Report on the sites and objects prior in date to the Third Dynasty of Ur discovered in the course of the excavations. British Museum-Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. London.

Yadin, Y. (1958): “The earliest record of Egypt military penetration into Asia”. Israel Exploration Quarterly, 5: 1-16.