I contributi delle neuroscienze cognitive alla ridefinizione delle basi neurali del linguaggio
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Neurolinguistica, modello associazionista, sistemi di elaborazione del linguaggioDerechos de autor 2022 CHIMERA: Revista de Corpus de Lenguas Romances y Estudios Lingüísticos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Resumen
Questo articolo mira a descrivere i contributi delle neuroscienze cognitive alla comprensione delle basi neurali e cognitive della produzione del linguaggio. In particolare, è idealmente suddiviso in due parti. Nella prima, dopo aver accennato brevemente ad alcune delle più antiche osservazioni sulla possibile relazione tra lesioni cerebrali e disturbi del linguaggio, vengono introdotte le caratteristiche generali dei modelli localizzazionisti della seconda metà del XIX (Testut 1897) e del XX secolo (Geschwind 1965a, b). Nella seconda parte dell’articolo ci si concentrerà sugli sviluppi emersi nell’ambito del recente approccio associazionista. Tale approccio sostiene che le funzioni della mente sarebbero semplicemente troppo complesse per essere elaborate da una manciata di aree isolate del cervello e, al contempo, troppo specifiche per essere organizzate nel cervello nella sua interezza (Marini 2018). In effetti, una quantità crescente di esperimenti con tecniche di neuroimaging e neuromodulazione (ad es., Marini & Urgesi 2012; Piervincenzi et al. 2013) ha dimostrato che le diverse funzioni della mente (incluso il linguaggio) sono implementate in ampie reti neurali con epicentri localizzabili in aree corticali, sottocorticali e cerebellari. Nello specifico, verrà fornito un esempio di rete neurale responsabile della produzione del discorso narrativo (Levelt et al. 1999; Indefrey 2012). Infine, l’attenzione si focalizzerà sull’utilità della comprensione dei correlati neurali del linguaggio per la riabilitazione (ad es., Marangolo et al. 2013).
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