A Pack of Hounds and its Master? A Bi-Species Burial from the Necropolis of Deir El-Banat (Fayum)
Keywords:
fayum (egypt), canine burial, animal cult, companion animal, mummificationAbstract
Dog burials are known from Egypt from the Predynastic period from c. 3500 BC onward and continue into the Roman era. Different burials have been interpreted in a variety of ways: companion/pet/working animals, associated with divinities, and as guardians. This paper presents a unique interment of a single human and a group of dogs found in the cemetery of Deir el-Banat in the Fayum (Egypt), which can be interpreted as either a religio-magical protective deposit for the cemetery, or a religio-medical one, involving the sacrifice of several animals.
Downloads
References
Adam, F. &. Colin, F. 2012: Inhumations d’enfants et de chiens à Qasr ‘Allam, Bahariya, Égypte. In: Nenna, M.D. (ed.): L’enfant et la mort dans l’Antiquité II: Types de tombes et traitement du corps des enfants dans l’antiquité gréco-romaine: 315-329. Centre d’Etudes Alexandrines, Alexandria.
Ayrton, E.R. &. Loat W.L.S. 1911: Pre-Dynastic Cemetery at El-Mahasna. Egypt Exploration Fund Memoirs 31. Egypt Exploration Society, London.
Barbash, Y. 2013: How the Ancient Egyptians Viewed the Animal World. In: Bleiberg, E.; Barbash, Y. & Bruno, L. (eds.): Soulful Creatures. Animal mummies in Ancient Egypt: 20-61. Brooklyn Museum in Association with D Giles, Brooklyn.
Baxter, I. 2009: Evidence of morphometric variation in an Iron Age dog cranium from Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, U.K. Archaeofauna 18: 69-78.
Beck, A.M. 2002: The ecology of stray dogs. A study of free-ranging urban animals. Purdue University press, West Lafayette.
Belova, G.A. 2021: Problems of chronology of the necropolis of Deir el-Banat (Fayum oasis) and questions of terminology. Egypt and Neighbouring Countries 1:16-34.
Belova, G.A. & Ivanov, S.V. 2019: Preliminary Report on the work of the CES RAS archaeological Mission at Deir El_Banat (Fayoum). The 14th season (March 3 – April 24, 2019). Egypt and Neighbouring Countries 2(2019): 1-30. DOI: 10.24411/2686-9276-2019-00014.
Bennett, D. & Timm, R.M. 2016: The dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part II: Geographic occurrence, ethnographic comparisons, and biotype reconstruction. Archaeofauna 25: 107-126.
Boessneck, J. 1980: Teilskelett eines Hundes aus Elephantine. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 36: 39-41.
Boessneck, J. & Driesch, A. von den 1982: Studien an subfossilen Tierknochen aus Ägypten. Münchner Archäologische Studien 40. Munich.
Bökönyi, S. 1969: New method of calculating the number of animals in the osteologic material from archeological findspots. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. Biology Department 74/6: 69-71.
— 1984: Animal Husbandry and Hunting in Tac-Gorsium. The Vertebrate Fauna of a Roman Farm in Pannonia. Studia Archaeologica VIII. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
Bonnet, C.; Chaix, L.; Lenoble, P.; Reinold, J. & Valbelle, D. 1989: Sepultures á chiens sacrifies dans la vallée du Nil. Cahiers de Recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Egyptologie de Lille. Societes urbaines en Egypte et au Soudan 11: 25-39.
Borge, K.S.; Tonnessen, R.; Nodtvedt, A. & Indrebo, A. 2011: Litter size at birth in purebred dogs - A retrospective study of 224 breeds. Theriogenology 75(5): 911-919. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034
Brewer, D.j.; Phillips, A.A. & Clark, T. 2002: Dogs in Antiquity. Aris & Phillips, Warminster.
Brixhe, J. 2018: Cynonymes (noms de chiens). Göttinger Miszellen 255: 25-29.
Brunton, G. 1948: Matmar: The British Expedition to Middle Egypt 1929-1931. Bernard Quaritch, London.
Chaix, L. 1999: The dogs from Kerma (Sudan) 2700 to 1500 BC. In: Becker, C. (ed.): Historia Animalium ex Ossibus. Beitrage zu Palaoanatomie, Archaologie, Agyptologie, Ethnologie und Geschichte der Tiermedizin. Festschrift für Angela von den Driesch zum 65. Geburtstag: 109-126. International Archaeology. Studia honoraria 8, Rahden, Westphalia.
Chaix, L. & Olive, C. 1986: La faune du mastaba V (2200 BC) à Balat (République Arabe d’Egypte). In: Vallogia, M. (ed.): Balat I. Le mastaba de Medou-Nefer: 201-213. Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Cairo.
Churcher, C.S. 1993: Dogs from Ein Tirghi Cemetery, Balat, Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. In: Clason, A.; Payne, S. & Uerpmann, H.P. (eds.): Skeletons in Her Cupboard: A Festschrift for Juliet Clutton-Brock: 39-59. Oxbow Monographs 34, Oxford.
Colin, F.; Adam, F. & Pranjic, I. 2014: Harpocrate au Chien et les cadavres de Qasr ‘Allam. Perspectives Sur le Statut Rituel Des Inhumations Animales Dans l’Égypte Ancienne. Archimade: Archéologie Et Histoire Ancienne 1: 32-62. DOI : https://doi.org/10.47245/archimede.0001.ds1.04
Crockford, S.J. 2009: A practical guide to in situ dog remains for the field archaeologist. Pacific Identifications, Victoria B.C.
Day, L.P. 1984: Dog Burials in the Greek World. American Journal of Archaeology 88 I: 21-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/504595
Debono, F. & Mortensen, B. 1988: The Predynastic Cemetery at Heliopolis. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 63. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.
De Grossi Mazzoni, J. & Minniti, C 2006: Dog sacrifice in the ancient world: a ritual passage? In: Snyder, L.M. & Moore, E.A. (eds.): Dogs and People in Social, Working, Economic or Symbolic Interaction. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham August 2002: 62-66. Oxbow, Oxford.
Dreyer, G. 2005: Umm el-Qa’ab. In: Bard, K. (ed.): Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt: 121-127. Routledge, London.
Dreyer, G.; Driesch, A. Von Den; Engel, E.; Hartmann, R.; Hartung, U.; Hikade, T.; Müller, V. & Peter, J. 2000: Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof. 11/12. Vorbericht. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 56: 43-129.
Driesch, A. von den 1976: A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin 1. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard.
Droux, X.; Friedma n, R.F. & Pieri, A. (in preparation) 2023: The elite Predynastic cemetery at Hierakonpolis HK6: 2016-2018 progress report. In: Tristant, Y. (ed.): Egypt at its Origins 7. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference “Origin of the state, Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Paris, 19th-23rd September 2022. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, Leuven.
Ducos, P. 1971: Le chien de Soleb. In: Schiff-Giorgini, M. (ed.): Soleb II. Les nécropoles: 281-284. Sansoni, Florence.
Dunand, F.; Lichtenberg, R. & Callou, C. 2015: Dogs at el-Deir. In: Ikram, S.; Kaiser, J. & Walker, R. (eds.): The Bioarchaeology of Ancient Egypt, Conference Proceedings 2012: 169–76. Sidestone, Amsterdam.
— 2017: Les momies. In: Dunand, F.; Lichtenberg, R.; Callou, C. & Leterllier-Willemin, F. (eds.): El-Deir nécropoles. IV, Les chiens momifiés d’El-Deir: 25-158. Editions Cybèle, Paris.
El Hadidi, N.M.N. & Hamdy, R. 2011: Basketry accessories: footwear, bags and fans in ancient Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (I.5): 1050-1061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.11.026
Emery, W.B. 1956: An Egyptian queen‘s tomb of 5000 years ago: Her-Neit‘s jewels; and her pet dog; and a unique architectural discovery. Illustrated London News 228(6104): 646-648.
Fischer, H.G. 1961: The Nubian Mecenaries. Kush 9: 44-81.
Flores, D.V. 2003: Funerary Sacrifice of Animals in the Egyptian Predynastic Period. B.A.R. (International Series) 1153. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841715230
Frankfurter, D. 1998: Religion in Roman Egypt. Assimilation and Resistance. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Friedman, R.F. 2010: The Early Royal Cemetery at Hierakonpolis: An Overview. In: Raffaele, F.; Nuzzolo M. & Incordino, I. (eds.): Recent Discoveries and latest Researches in Egyptology. Proceedings of the First Neapolitan Congress of Egyptology, Naples June 18th-20th 2008: 67-85. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
— 2011: ‘Dog Days: Tomb 48’. Nekhen News 23: 13.
— 2013: In a Corner of HK6 – At Last. Nekhen News 25: 4-5.
Friedman, R.F. & Droux, X. 2018: More Adventures Under the Spoil Heap: HK6 in 2018. Nekhen News 30: 15-17.
Friedman, R.F.; Van Neer, W. & Linseel E, V. 2011: The Elite Predynastic Cemetery at Hierakonpolis: 2009-2010 Update. In: Friedman, R.F. & Fiske, P.N. (eds.): Egypt at Its Origins 3: Proceedings of the Third International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, London, 27th July – 1st August 2008: 157-191. Peeters, Leuven.
Friedman, R.F.; Van Neer, W.; De Cupere, B. & Droux, X. 2017: The elite predynastic cemetery at Hierakonpolis HK6: 2011–2015 Progress report. In: Midant-Reynes, B. & Tristant, Y. (eds.): Egypt at its Origins 5. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Cairo, 13th-18th April 2014: 231-290. Peeters, Leuven.
Gaillard, C. & Daressy, G. 1905: La Faune momifiée de l’Antique Égypte. Institut Français d’archéologie orientale, Cairo.
Gipson, P.S.; Ballard, W.B.; Nowak, R.M. & Mech, L.D. 2000: Accuracy and Precision of Estimating Age of Gray Wolves by Tooth Wear. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(I.3): 752-758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3802745
Gsell, A.S.; Knobel, D.L.; Cleaveland, S.; Kazwala, R.R.; Vounat sou, P. & Zinssta g, J. 2012: Domestic dog demographic structure and dynamics relevant to rabies control planning in urban areas in Africa: the case of Iringa, Tanzania. BMC Veterinary Research 8: 236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-236
Haddon, K. 1914: Report on a Small Collection of Mummy Dogs. In: Naville, E. (ed): The Cemeteries of Abydos – 1909-1910. The Mixed Cemetery and Umm el-Gaab: 40-48. The Egypt Exploration Fund 33, London.
HANDOUSSA, T. 1986: Le chien d’agrément en ancienne Égypte. Göttinger Miszellen 89: 23-41.
Harcourt, R.A. 1974: The dog in prehistoric and early historic Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 1: 151-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(74)90040-5
Hartley, M. 2015: The Significance of Predynastic Canid Burials in Ancient Egypt. Archéo-Nil 25: 57-74.
Hartley, M.; Buck, A. & Binder, S. 2011: Canine Interments in the Teti Cemetery North at Saqqara. In: Bárta, M.; Coppens, F. & Krej?í, J. (eds.): Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010/11: 17-29. Charles University Press, Prague.
Hendrickx, S.; Reimer, H.; Förster, F. & Darnell, J.C. 2009: Late Predynastic/Early Dynastic rock art scenes of Barbary sheep hunting in Egypt’s Western Desert. From capturing wild animals to women of the ‘Acacia House’. In: Reimer H.; Pöllath, N.; Herb, M. & Förster, F. (eds.): Desert Animals in the Eastern Sahara Status, Economic Significance, and Cultural Reflection in Antiquity; Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Acacia Workshop held at the University of Cologne, December 14-15, 2007: 189-244. Heinrich-Barth Institut, Cologne.
Houlihan, P.F. 1996: The Animal World of the Pharaohs. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
Hourani, Y. 2018: Persian Period Dog Burials of Beirut: Morphology, Health, Mortality and Mortuary Practices. In: Çakirlar, C.; Chahoud, J.; Berthon, R. & Birch, S.P. (eds.): Archaeozoology of the Near East XII. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium of the ICAZ Archaeozoology of Southwest Asia and Adjacent Areas Working Group, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, June 14-15 2015, University of Groningen, the Netherlands: 153-184. Barkhuis/University of Groningen, Groningen.
Houta rt, A. 1934: Les Chiens dans l’ancienne Égypte. Chronique d’Egypte 9: 28-34.
Ikram, S. 2005: Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies. In: Ikram, S. (ed.): Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt: 1-16. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo
— 2013a: Man’s Best Friend for Eternity: Dog and Human burials in Ancient Egypt. Anthropozoologica 48(2): 299-307.
— 2013b: A Curious Case of Canine Burials from Abydos. In: Flossmann-Schütze, M.C.; Goecke-Bauer, M.; Hoffmann, F.; Hutterer, A.; Schlüter, K.; Schütze, A.; Ullmann, M. & Brose, P. (eds): Kleine Götter-Grosse Götter: Festschrift für Dieter Kessler zum 65. Geburtstag: 265-271. Patrick Brose, Vaterstetten.
— 2013c: Canine Cults in Kharga Oasis: the Dogs of Dabashiya. In: Tallet, G. & Zivie-Coche, C. (eds): Le Myrte et la rose. Mélanges offerts à Françoise Dunand par ses élèves, collègues et amis: 349–55. CENiM, Montpellier.
— 2020: Ancient Egyptian Fauna. In: Shaw, I. & Bloxham, E. (eds.): Oxford Handbook of Egyptology: 151-164. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
— 2021: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt and South America. In: Shin, D.H. & Bianucci, R. (eds.): The Handbook of Mummy Studies New Frontiers in Scientific and Cultural Perspectives: 629-651. Springer Nature, Singapore.
Ikram, S. & Bertini, L. (with contributions by HURLEY, D. & VANN, S.) 2021: The Fauna. In: Nicholson, P. (ed.): The Catacombs of Anubis at North Saqqara: An Archaeological Perspective: 135-188. British Museum Publications in Egypt and Sudan 12. Peeters, Leuven.
Ikram, S. & Dodson, A. 1998: The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. Thames & Hudson, London.
Ikram, S. & Iskander, N. 2002: Catalogue Général of the Egyptian Museum: Non-Human Mummies. Supreme Council of Antiquities Press, Cairo.
Ikram S.; Nicholson, P.; Bertini, L. & Hurley, D. 2013: Killing Man’s Best Friend? Archaeological Review from Cambridge 28.2: 48-66.
Kaiser, J. 2011: Gift for the Gods: Votive Dog Mummies at Giza. In: Lehner, M. (ed): Giza Plateau Mapping Project Season 2009. Preliminary Report: 197-199. Giza Occasional Papers 5. Ancient Egypt Research Associates, Inc., Boston.
Kitagawa, C. 2016: The Tomb of the Dogs at Asyut: faunal remains and other selected objects. The Asyut Project 9. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
— 2019: Mummies from the city of canine deities: an analysis of canid osteofaunal remains from the Tomb of the Dogs on Gebel Asyut al-Gharbi, Asyut, Middle Egypt. In: Porcier, S.; Ikram, S. & Pasquali, S. (eds): Creatures of earth, water, and sky: essays on animals in ancient Egypt and Nubia: 193-210. Sidestone, Leiden.
Kutzler, M.A. 2007: Estrus induction and synchronization in canids and felids. Theriogenology 68: 354-374. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.014
Lippert, S. & Schentuleit, M. 2006: Quittungen. Demotische Dokument aus Dime 2 Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
Lortet, L.c. & Gaillard, C. 1903: Archives du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Lyon 8: La Faune Momifiée de l’Ancienne Égypte. Henri Georg, Lyon.
— 1907: Archives du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Lyon 9, 2e serie: La Faune Momifiée de l’Ancienne Égypte. Henri Georg, Lyon.
Losey, R.J.; Osipov, B.; Sivakumaran, R.; Nomokonova, T.; Kovychev, E. & Diat china, N.G. 2015: Estimating Body Mass in Dogs and Wolves Using Cranial and Mandibular Dimensions: Application to Siberian Canids. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 25(6): 946–959.
Losey, R.J.; Mclachlin, K.; Nomokonova, T.; Lat ham, K. & Harrington, L. 2017: Body Mass Estimates in Dogs and North American Gray Wolves Using Limb Element Dimensions. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 27(2): 180–191.
Lythgoe, A.M. 1965: The Predynastic Cemetery N7000: Naga ed De?r: Part 4. Egyptian Archaeology 7. University of California Publications, Los Angeles.
Macpherson, C.N.L.; Meslin, F.X. & Wandeler, A.I. 2000: Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health. Cabi Publishing, United Kingdom. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/book/10.1079/9781845938352.0000
Mackinnon, M. 2010: “Left” is “Right”: the symbolism behind side choice among ancient animal sacrifices. In: Campana, D.V.; Crabtree, P.; DeFrance, S.D.; Lev-Tov, J. & Choyke, A.M. (eds.): Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology: complexity, colonialism and animal transformations: 250-258. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Malleson, C.J. 2019: The Fayum Landscape. Ten Thousand Years of Archaeology, Texts, and Traditions in Egypt. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
McClintock, M.K. 1971: Menstrual synchrony and suppression. Nature 229 (I.5282): 244-245.
Miles, B. 2010: Enigmatic scenes of intimate contact with dogs in the Old Kingdom. The Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 21: 71-88.
Morey, D. 2006: Burying key evidence: The social bond between dogs and people. Journal of Archaeological Science 33.2: 158-175.
— 2010: Dogs: Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Morey, D. & Jeger, R. 2022: When dogs and people were buried together. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101434
Nicholson, P.T.; Ikram, S. & Mills, S. 2015: The Catacombs of Anubis at North Saqqara. Antiquity 89(345): 645 – 661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.53
Nicholson, P. (ed.) 2021: The Catacombs of Anubis at North Saqqara: An Archaeological Perspective. British Museum Publications in Egypt and Sudan 12. Peeters, Leuven.
Nicolotti, M. & Postel, L. 1994: L’Animal et le monde de l’au-delá. Les momies du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Lyon. Bulletin 8: 35-48.
Osypinska, M. & Osypinski, P. 2017: New evidence for the emergence of a human-pet relation in early Roman Berenike (1st–2nd century AD). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26(2): 167-192. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.1825.
Osypinska, M.; Skibniewski, M. & Osypinski, P. 2020: Ancient pets: the health, diet and diversity of cats, dogs and monkeys from the Red Sea
port of Berenice (Egypt) in the 1st-2nd centuries AD. World Archaeology 52(4): 639-653. DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2020.1870545.
Peet, T.E. 1914: The Cemeteries of Abydos, II, 1911-1912. Memoir 34. The Egypt Exploration Fund, London.
Peet, T.E. & Loat , W.L.S. 1913: The Cemeteries of Abydos, III, 1912-1913. The Egypt Exploration Fund, London.
Perpillou-Thomas, F. 1993: Fêtes d’Égypte ptolémaïque et romaine d’après la documentation papyrologique grecque. Studia Hellenistica 31. Peeters, Leuven.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1902: Abydos I. Egypt Exploration Fund, London.
Pischikova, E. 2010: The dog of Karakhamun. In: D’Auria, S.H. (ed): Offerings to the discerning eye: an Egyptological medley in honor of Jack A. Josephson: 263-269. Brill, Leiden & Boston. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004178748.i-362.85
Pliny [Bostock, J. & Riley, H.T. (trans.)] 1856: The Natural History of Pliny, volume IV. Henry G. Bohn, London.
Pluta rch, Babb itt , F.C. (trans.) 1965: Plutarch’s Roman Questions. Loeb Classical Library. Heinemann, London.
Polz, D. 2020: Dra’ Abu el-Naga, Ägypten: ein angeblicher Fund aus Dra’ Abu el-Naga. Die sog. Hundestele des Königs Wah-Anch Intef. E-Forschungsgeschichte. E-Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 2020(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.34780/efb.v0i1.1003
Reisner, G.A. 1936: Ancient King Gives Dog a Royal Burial. The American Kennel Gazette 55.5: 7-9.
Rice, M. 2006: Swifter than the Arrow. The Golden Hunting Hounds of Ancient Egypt. I.B. Tauris, London.
Ruscillo, D. 2006: The Table Test: A Simple Method for Sexing Canid Humeri. In: Ruscillo, D. (ed.): Recent Advances in Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones (Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002): 62-67. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Schulz, R. 2006: Dog missing his master: reflections on an Old Kingdom tomb relief in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. In: Miroslav, B. (ed.): The Old Kingdom art and archaeology: proceedings of the conference held in Prague, May 31- June 4, 2004: 315-324. Czech Institute of Egyptology, Charles University, Prague.
Smirnov, V.S. & Korytin, N.S. 1985: Age structure and sex ratio. In: Bibikov, D.I. (ed): Wolf. Origin, systematics, morphology, ecology: 389-408. Nauka, Moscow.
Smith, G.E. & Dawson, W. 1991: Egyptian Mummies. Kegan Paul International, London.
Soren, D. 1999: Hecate and the infant cemetery at Poggio Gramignano. In: Soren, D. & Soren, N. (eds.): A Roman Villa and a Late Roman Infant Cemetery: Excavation at Poggio Gramignano Lugnano in Teverina: 619-631. L’ERMA di Bretschneider, Rome.
Thompson, D.J. 2009: The multilingual environment of Persian and Ptolemaic Egypt: Egyptian, Aramaic, and Greek documentation. In: Bagnall, R.S. (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology: 395-417. Oxford University Press, New York. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199843695.013.0017
Tooley, A.M.J. 1988: Coffin of a dog from Beni Hasan. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 74: 207-211.
Totton, S.C.; Wandeler, A.I.; Zinssta g, J.; Bauche, C.T.; Ribble, C.S.; Rosatt e, R.C. & Mcewen, S.A. 2010: Stray dog population demographics in Jodhpur, India following a population control/rabies vaccination program. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97: 51-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.009
Vasiliev, S.V.; Borutskaya, S.B. & Kharlamova, N.V. 2008: Deir el-Banat Expedition Report 2008. (Unpublished).
Van Neer, W. 2002: Le material faunique. In: Midant-Reynes, B.; Buchez, N. (eds.): Adaïma 1. Économie et habitat. FIFAO 45: 521-565. Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale, Cairo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10030
Van Neer, W.; Linseele, V. & Friedman, R.F. 2004: Animal Burials and Food Offerings at the Elite Cemetery HK6 of Hierakonpolis. In: Hendrickx, S.; Friedman, R.F.; Cialowicz, K.M. & Chlodnicki, M. (eds.): Egypt at its Origins: Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams (Proceedings of the International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Krakow, 28th August – 1st September 2002: 67-130. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138. Peeters, Leuven.
— 2017: More animal burials from the Predynastic elite cemetery of Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt): the 2008 season. In: Mashkour, M. & Beech, M. (eds.): Archaeozoology of the Near East: 388-403. Vol. 9. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Wallis, L.J. 2020: Canine Life History. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior: 1-16. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1715-1
Wapnish, P. & Hesse, B. 1993: Pampered pooches or plain pariahs? The Ashkelon dog burials. Biblical Archaeologist 56: 55-80.
Wilkens, B. 2003: Roman suovitaurilia and its predecessors. In: O’Day, S. J.; Van Neer, W.; & Ervynck, A. (eds.): Behaviour Behind Bones: The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity (Proceedings of the 9th ICAZ Conference): 73-76. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Wilkinson, R.H. 2005: The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
Zahradnik, E. 2009: Der Hund als geliebtes Haustier im Alten Ägypten: anhand von bildlichen, schriftlichen und archäologischen Quellen. Altes und Mittleres Reich. Pro Business, Berlin.