Signification as theoretical level for a structural difference between fiction and non-fiction
Palavras-chave:
fictionality, signification, discourse, difference between fiction-non fictionResumo
The expression of literary fiction is potentially unlimited. It could be said, like Searle, that potentially any text whatever can occur in fiction. By contrast, the contents of non-fictional discourses always have some kind of limits. Starting from this basic premise, this article will defend that the primary semiotic correlate that explains this difference can be found at the level of what Umberto Eco calls «signification» (that is, the culturally codified link that, within the sign, binds the planes of expression and content together). Thus, a theoretical structural difference between fiction and non-fiction is that in each case meaning is created following different signification logics. Whereas in non-fictional texts the signification link is governed by predetermined norms that arise from a series of real social and cultural interactions, in texts of literary fiction, which have no obligatory commitment to real world, this signification link is managed as if it were a potential in a virtually unlimited way.
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Referências
Adams, Jon-K. (1985): Pragmatics and Fiction, Amsterdam/Filadelfia, John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Austin, John (1955): How to do Things with Words, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Nielsen, Henrik; James Phelan; Richard Walsh (2015): «Ten Theses about Fictionality», in Narrative 23, (1): 61-73.
https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2015.0005
Cohn, Dorrit (1999): The Distinction of Fiction, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Derrida, Jacques (1988): Limited Inc., Evanston (Illinois), Northwestern University Press.
Doležel, Lubomír (1998): Heterocosmica. Fiction and Possible Worlds, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ducrot, Oswald; Jean-Marie Schaeffer (1995): Nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage, Paris: Seuil.
Eco, Umberto (1979): A Theory of Semiotics, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
Foucault, Michel (1972): The Archaeology of Knowledge, translated from French by A. M. Sheridan Smith, New York, Pantheon Books.
Hamburger, Käte (1977): Die Logik der Dichtung. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Hempfer, Klaus (2004): «Some Problems Concening a Theory of Fiction(ality)», in Style, 38 (3): 302-324.
https://doi.org/10.1215/ddnov.038020302
Houellebecq, Michel (2000): The Elementary Particles, translated from French by Frank Wynne, New York, Alfred Knopf.
Genette, Gérard (1993): «Acts of Fiction», in (1993): Fiction & Diction, Ithaca (New York), Cornell University Press: 30-54.
Gorman, David (2008): «Theories of Fiction», in Herman, David, Jahn, Manfred and Ryan, Marie-Laure (eds.) (2008): Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, New York, Routledge: 163-167.
Grice, Herbert (1967): «Logic and Conversation», in Cole, Peter and Morgan, Jerry (eds.) (1967): Syntax and Semantics, Vol III: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press: 41-58.
Joyce, James (2012): Finnegans Wake, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Martínez Bonati, Félix (1992): «El arte de escribir ficciones», in (1992): La ficción narrativa (su lógica y ontología), Murcia: Murcia University Press: 61-69.
Morris, Charles (1938): «Foundations of the Theory of Signs», in Neurath, Otto, Carnap, Rudolph and Morris, Charles (eds.) (1938): International Encyclopedia of United Science, vol. I, no. 2, Chicago: Chicago University Press: 1-59.
Ohmann, Richard (1971): «Speech Acts and the Definition of Literature», in Philosophy & Rhetoric 4 (1): 1-19.
Pavel, Thomas (1986): Fictional Worlds, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Pratt, Mary Louise (1977): Towards a Speech Act Theory of Literary Discourse, Bloomington (Indiana), Indiana University Press.
Riffaterre, Michael (1990): Fictional Truth, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Richardson, Brian (2011): «What is Unnatural Narrative Theory?», in Alber, Jan and Heinze, Rüdiger (eds.) (2011): Unnatural Narratives, Unnatural Narratology, Berlin, De Gruyter: 23-40.
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Ronen, Ruth (1994): Possible Worlds in Literary Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597480
Ryan, Marie-Laure (1991): Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence and Narrative Theory, Bloomington (Indiana): Indiana University Press.
Saussure, Ferdinand (1966): Course in General Linguistics, translated from French by Wade Baskin, New York, McGraw-Hill.
Schaeffer, Jean-Marie (2013): «Fictional vs. Factual Narration», in Hünh et al. (eds.) The Living Handbook of Narratology, Hamburg, Hamburg University Press: http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/fictional-vs-factual-narration (last visit: 17/06/2019)
Schank, Roger and Robert Abelson (1977): Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding. An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures, Hillsdale (New Jersey), Erlbaum.
Searle, John (1969): Speech Acts, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438
Searle, John (1975): «The Logical Status of Fictional Discourse.», in New Literary History 6 (2): 319-332.
https://doi.org/10.2307/468422
Shang, Biwu (2015): «Unnatural Narratology: Core Issues and Critical Debates», in Journal of Literary Semantics 44 (2): 169-194.
https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2015-0007
Van Dijk, Teun (1980): Macrostructures. An Interdisciplinary Study of Global Structures in Discourse, Interaction and Cognition, Hillsdale (New Jersey), Erlbaum.
Van Dijk, Teun; Kintsch, Walter (1983): Strategies of Discourse Comprehension, New York, Academic Press.
Walsh, Richard (2007): The Rethoric of Fictionality. Narrative Theory and the Idea of Fiction. Columbus (Ohio), Ohio University Press.
Walton, Kendall (1990): Mimesis as Make-Believe, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Adams, Jon-K. (1985): Pragmatics and Fiction, Amsterdam/Filadelfia, John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Austin, John (1955): How to do Things with Words, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Nielsen, Henrik; James Phelan; Richard Walsh (2015): «Ten Theses about Fictionality», in Narrative 23, (1): 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2015.0005
Cohn, Dorrit (1999): The Distinction of Fiction, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Derrida, Jacques (1988): Limited Inc., Evanston (Illinois), Northwestern University Press.
Doležel, Lubomír (1998): Heterocosmica. Fiction and Possible Worlds, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ducrot, Oswald; Jean-Marie Schaeffer (1995): Nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage, Paris: Seuil.
Eco, Umberto (1979): A Theory of Semiotics, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
Foucault, Michel (1972): The Archaeology of Knowledge, translated from French by A. M. Sheridan Smith, New York, Pantheon Books.
Hamburger, Käte (1977): Die Logik der Dichtung. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Hempfer, Klaus (2004): «Some Problems Concening a Theory of Fiction(ality)», in Style, 38 (3): 302-324. https://doi.org/10.1215/ddnov.038020302
Houellebecq, Michel (2000): The Elementary Particles, translated from French by Frank Wynne, New York, Alfred Knopf.
Genette, Gérard (1993): «Acts of Fiction», in (1993): Fiction & Diction, Ithaca (New York), Cornell University Press: 30-54.
Gorman, David (2008): «Theories of Fiction», in Herman, David, Jahn, Manfred and Ryan, Marie-Laure (eds.) (2008): Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, New York, Routledge: 163-167.
Grice, Herbert (1967): «Logic and Conversation», in Cole, Peter and Morgan, Jerry (eds.) (1967): Syntax and Semantics, Vol III: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press: 41-58.
Joyce, James (2012): Finnegans Wake, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Martínez Bonati, Félix (1992): «El arte de escribir ficciones», in (1992): La ficción narrativa (su lógica y ontología), Murcia: Murcia University Press: 61-69.
Morris, Charles (1938): «Foundations of the Theory of Signs», in Neurath, Otto, Carnap, Rudolph and Morris, Charles (eds.) (1938): International Encyclopedia of United Science, vol. I, no. 2, Chicago: Chicago University Press: 1-59.
Ohmann, Richard (1971): «Speech Acts and the Definition of Literature», in Philosophy & Rhetoric 4 (1): 1-19.
Pavel, Thomas (1986): Fictional Worlds, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Pratt, Mary Louise (1977): Towards a Speech Act Theory of Literary Discourse, Bloomington (Indiana), Indiana University Press.
Riffaterre, Michael (1990): Fictional Truth, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Richardson, Brian (2011): «What is Unnatural Narrative Theory?», in Alber, Jan and Heinze, Rüdiger (eds.) (2011): Unnatural Narratives, Unnatural Narratology, Berlin, De Gruyter: 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110229042.23
Ronen, Ruth (1994): Possible Worlds in Literary Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597480
Ryan, Marie-Laure (1991): Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence and Narrative Theory, Bloomington (Indiana): Indiana University Press.
Saussure, Ferdinand (1966): Course in General Linguistics, translated from French by Wade Baskin, New York, McGraw-Hill.
Schaeffer, Jean-Marie (2013): «Fictional vs. Factual Narration», in Hünh et al. (eds.) The Living Handbook of Narratology, Hamburg, Hamburg University Press: http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/fictional-vs-factual-narration (last visit: 17/06/2019)
Schank, Roger and Robert Abelson (1977): Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding. An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures, Hillsdale (New Jersey), Erlbaum.
Searle, John (1969): Speech Acts, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438
Searle, John (1975): «The Logical Status of Fictional Discourse.», in New Literary History 6 (2): 319-332. https://doi.org/10.2307/468422
Shang, Biwu (2015): «Unnatural Narratology: Core Issues and Critical Debates», in Journal of Literary Semantics 44 (2): 169-194. https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2015-0007
Van Dijk, Teun (1980): Macrostructures. An Interdisciplinary Study of Global Structures in Discourse, Interaction and Cognition, Hillsdale (New Jersey), Erlbaum.
Van Dijk, Teun; Kintsch, Walter (1983): Strategies of Discourse Comprehension, New York, Academic Press.
Walsh, Richard (2007): The Rethoric of Fictionality. Narrative Theory and the Idea of Fiction. Columbus (Ohio), Ohio University Press.
Walton, Kendall (1990): Mimesis as Make-Believe, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.